动物营养学研究方法进展

综述了动物营养学研究方法的发展历程,即由传统动物营养学向系统动物营养学的发展,以及各学科在动物营养研究方法中的应用。     

Washington Update

Opportunities and change continue to occur at an accelerating rate. The exotic Newcastle disease (END) crisis in the traditional commercial industry led to a related problem for game bird producers due to confusion in defining a game bird, which is also a commercial venture. Time spent planning rather than reacting to situations is often a luxury but must be moved to a higher priority. One example is the Triennial Extension Workshop, which is proposed to become a biennial event. We continue to develop and implement innovative programs based on relevance to animal agriculture and societal requirements. As a team, we have achieved an excellent synergy and impressive results through our cooperation and networking. A special award is provided to an extension person each year to ensure contributions are recognized that might otherwise be overlooked. The Texture Technologies Corporation Support Personnel Award is new this year and recognizes the essential contributions of farm, laboratory, and other personnel. Also, the American Poultry Historical Society (APHS) continues to recognize career contributions to the poultry system through the Hall of Fame. As always, anyone wishing to be part of program planning and development is welcome. If you are not called, take the initiative and volunteer.     

基于元共祖的基因组联合育种模拟研究

旨在将整合元共祖的一步法(single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction with metafounders,MF-SSGBLUP)应用到基因组联合育种中,并与其他经典基因组选择方法进行比较分析。本研究使用QMSim软件模拟3个系谱相互独立的奶牛群体;分别使用广义最小二乘法(generalized least squares,GLS)和原始方法(naïve,NAI)估计不同群体间的祖先关系矩阵Γ;将MF-SSGBLUP、SSGBLUP和BLUP用于3个模拟群体的联合育种,评估各方法在遗传参数和育种值估计方面的差异。在不同遗传力下,GLS所得的Γ矩阵在对角线元素上略低于NAI法,在非对角线元素上没有明显差异,且基因组关系矩阵与基于元共祖构建的亲缘关系矩阵对角线元素相关系数(0.750~0.775)高于基因组关系矩阵与传统的亲缘关系矩阵相关系数(0.508~0.572)。MF-SSGBLUP遗传力估计值(0.138、0.140、0.297和0.298)与当代群体遗传力(0.107和0.296)的偏差小于其余两种方法(0.145、0.173、0.273和0.340),且MF-SSGBLUP估计育种值准确性(0.888~0.908)高于SSGBLUP法(0.863~0.876)和BLUP法(0.854~0.871)。表明,MF-SSGBLUP的遗传参数估计值无偏性更好,估计育种值准确性更高。根据上述模拟数据结果表明,在联合育种中,整合元共祖的基因组选择方法优于其他经典基因组选择方法。     

贵南县乡镇农业技术推广体系存在的问题及其对策建议

乡镇农业技术推广体系是实施科技兴农战略的重要力量,乡镇农业技术推广人员对于提高农民科学文化整体素质起到重要作用。笔者通过对贵南县乡镇农业技术推广现状分析,指出乡镇农业技术推广工作存在着基础设施条件差、推广经费不足、管理体制不顺、推广工作难度大、专业技术人员少、业务素质不高、农技人员待遇低等突出问题,并结合实际,有针对性地提出了搞好乡镇农业技术推广工作的对策建议。     

马可波罗盘羊研究现状与保护对策

 马可波罗盘羊是盘羊的一个亚种,帕米尔高原是其唯一的分布区域。论文对马可波罗盘羊的群体分布数量、细胞及生化遗传、群体遗传和种质资源保护与利用等方面进行了综述,借鉴其它野生动物保护方法,提出了马可波罗盘羊资源保护与利用的新措施。     

非洲猪瘟病毒实时荧光定量PCR检测技术的研究与评价

根据非洲猪瘟病毒（African swine fever virus,ASFV）K205R基因序列设计合成引物及TaqMan探针,通过优化引物浓度、退火温度和Mg²⁺浓度,建立基于K205R基因的ASFV实时荧光定量PCR（real-time quantitative PCR,qPCR）检测方法。对在猪肝脏组织DNA中掺入重组质粒制备的模拟样品进行扩增来确定所建方法的实际检测效率,并将OIE推荐的基于p72的qPCR调整后作为评价该方法检测效果的对照。试验结果表明,基于K205R基因的检测方法在检测模拟样品时扩增效率要优于基于p72的方法,而且敏感性和特异性强,适用于非洲猪瘟的快速检测、监测。     

家蚕平附种母蛾微粒子病集团抽样检验方法改进研究

以超几何分布和二项分布为基本数学模型,综合现行家蚕母蛾微粒子病集团检验方法的优点,结合广西蚕种生产实际,以集团为单位,设计形成适合平附种的计数二次抽样检验方法。分别从理论和实际两个方面对新方案进行了比较分析。结果表明新方案解决了现行方法有毒集团与有毒蛾数不对等的问题,改进了农业行业标准散卯种方法过于严格,生产方风险过大的问题,改进了农业行业标准平附种方法过于宽松,使用方风险失控的问题,同时检验结果准确,检验工作量少,具有较高的准确性和较好的经济性。     

E12 technique: Conventional epoxy resin sheet plastination

Epoxy plastination techniques were developed to obtain thin transparent body slices with high anatomical detail. This is facilitated because the plastinated tissue is transparent and the topography of the anatomical structures well preserved. For this reason, thin epoxy slices are currently used for research purposes in both macroscopic and microscopic studies. The protocol for the conventional epoxy technique (E12) follows the main steps of plastination—specimen preparation, dehydration, impregnation and curing/casting. Preparation begins with selection of the specimen, followed by freezing and slicing. Either fresh or fixed (embalmed) tissue is suitable for epoxy plastination, while slice thickness is kept between 1.5 and 3 mm. Impregnation mixture is made of epoxy E12 resin plus E1 hardener (100 ppw; 28 ppw). This mixture is reactive and temperature sensitive, and for this reason, total impregnation time under vacuum at room laboratory temperature should not last for more than 20–24 hr. Casting of impregnated slices is done in either flat chambers or by the so‐called sandwich method in either fresh mixture or the one used for impregnation. Curing is completed at 40°C to allow a complete polymerization of the epoxy‐mixture. After curing, slices can be photographed, scanned or used for anatomical study under screen negatoscope, magnification glass or fluorescent microscope. Based on epoxy sheet plastination, many anatomical papers have recent observations of and/or clarification of anatomical concepts in different areas of medical expertice.     

小蚕颗粒人工饲料育实用化探讨

本文就小蚕颗粒人工饲料育问题,探讨了颗粒饲料育小蚕质量的评价指标,分析了小蚕人工饲料育的优势及推广应用前景,介绍了近几年小蚕颗粒人工饲料育生产技术应用和示范情况,提出了今后在实用化中需要进一步研发的方向。