不同植被措施下排土场边坡细沟发育时空特征

为明确不同恢复年限植被措施对煤矿排土场边坡水土流失的防治效应,采用样方调查法,以内蒙古准格尔旗永利煤矿矿区排土场边坡为研究对象,以裸露边坡(CK)为对照,研究不同恢复年限(1a、3a、5 a)的沙柳方格+沙棘+沙打旺(SHA)和沙柳方格+沙打旺(SA)2种措施对细沟发育的影响。结果表明:(1)1a时CK、SHA与SA措施细沟宽度均集中分布在4～8 cm,细沟深度均集中分布在2～4 cm;3 a时CK、SHA与SA措施细沟宽度则集中分布在4～8 cm、8～12 cm、4～8 cm,细沟深度均集中分布在4～6 cm;5 a时CK与SHA措施细沟宽度均集中分布在8～12 cm,而细沟深度则集中分布在4～6 cm和8～14 cm;(2)CK(1～5 a)、SHA措施(1～5 a)和SA措施(1～3 a)的细沟平均宽分别为7.57～11.35 cm、7.58～13.31 cm和5.57～6.14 cm,细沟平均深分别为3.38～6.23 cm、4.19～10.34 cm、2.59～4.24 cm,三者的细沟平均宽深比分别为2.39、2.12和2.05,平均细沟密度分别为1.52～5.25 m·m–2、1.42～1.68 m·m–2和1.88～2.25 m·m–2;(3)1 a时CK、SHA和SA措施的细沟宽深比随坡长变化幅度较大,随着恢复年限增加,宽深比则呈下降趋势,CK、SHA措施和SA措施的细沟密度和细沟侵蚀量均随坡长增加呈增大趋势;(4)与CK相比,1 a时SHA和SA措施边坡细沟侵蚀模数分别减小25.0%和25.86%,两种措施减蚀效果差别不大,而3 a时则分别减小了61.73%和35.31%,SHA措施减蚀效果显著增强。研究结果可以为矿区排土场边坡的植被合理布设提供科学依据与理论指导。     

Inhibiting soil loss and runoff from small plots induced by an individual freeze-thaw cycle using three rangeland species

This study investigated the role of three rangeland species viz. Agropyron trichophorum, Medicago sativa, and Lolium prenne on mitigating of effects of a freeze-thaw (FT) cycle on runoff generation and soil loss from small experimental plots. Small plots (0.5 × 0.5m) were prepared in three replicates for control (i.e., under a FT cycle only) and treatments (i.e., individually planted with the study species and subject to a FT cycle). The treated plots were then placed at a slope of 20% and subjected to simulated rainfall with intensity of 70 mm h⁻¹ and 30 min duration. The results of the study showed a significant effect (P < 0.05) of the plants on controlling runoff and soil loss after a FT cycle. Also, the detrimental effects of the FT cycle due to performance of ice lenses and formation of an active melting layer in the soil surface were ameliorated by the presence of litter on the soil and root-binding effect of the plants. Time to runoff increased by 54, 111 and 10%, runoff volume decreased by 27, 68 and 0.4% and soil loss changed by −34, −62, and +6.5% in the plots planted with A. trichophorum, L. prenne and M. sativa, respectively. The results of the current study indicated that L. prenne had the maximum benefit on reducing runoff and soil loss from the plots undergoing a FT cycle.     

Toxicity of cadmium and its competition with mineral nutrients for uptake by plants: A review

Cadmium(Cd)is a toxic heavy metal occurring in the environment naturally and is also generated through various anthropogenic sources and acts as a pollutant.Human health is affected by Cd pollution in farmland soils because food is the main source of Cd intake in the non-smoking population.For crops,Cd toxicity may result from a disturbance in uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients and disturbance in plant metabolism,inhibiting plant growth and development.However,plants have Cd tolerance mechanisms,including restricted Cd uptake,decreased Cd root-to-shoot translocation,enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities,and increased production of phytochelatins.Furthermore,optimal supply of mineral nutrients is one of the strategies to alleviate the damaging effects of Cd on plants and to avoid its entry into the food chain.The emerging molecular knowledge contributes to understanding Cd uptake,translocation,and remobilization in plants.In this review,Cd toxicity and tolerance mechanisms,agricultural practices to minimize Cd accumulation,Cd competition with essential elements(calcium,copper,iron,zinc,and manganese),and genes associated with Cd uptake are discussed in detail,especially regarding how these mineral nutrients and genes play a role in decreasing Cd uptake and accumulation in crop plants.     

耕作措施对坡耕地红壤地表径流氮磷流失的影响

云南山地面积约占全省土地总面积的94%,特殊的地形特征,极易引发坡面土壤侵蚀和养分流失,严重影响了农业可持续生产。采取有效的农艺措施来减少坡耕地土壤养分流失是十分有必要的。为此,通过4年定位试验对顺坡(2组处理)、横坡(2组处理)2种耕作方向的复合农艺措施处理进行研究。结果表明:云南坡地红壤的径流时间主要集中在6—9月,且产流雨量占年降雨量的65.62%～75.82%。产流雨量与年降雨量呈现一致趋势。径流量和产流雨量呈线性关系(R_(NVF)~2=0.597 7,R_(OVF)~2=0.415 1,R_(OHF)~2=0.378 2,R_(OHFR)~2=0.335 5),其相关性大小顺序为顺坡处理横坡处理,不施肥处理施肥处理,覆膜处理揭膜处理(P0.01)。大雨(25～49.9 mm)和暴雨(≥50 mm)造成了年度大部分径流和养分的流失。横坡垄作组处理产生地表径流(177.13±28.87)～(182.28±33.75) mm,径流中总氮流失量(7.66±2.51)～(7.85±1.92) kg/hm~2,总磷流失量为(0.91±0.26)～(1.09±0.27) kg/hm~2,与顺坡垄作OVF(常规处理)相比径流和养分极显著减少了49.57%～52.13%,33.16%～53.88%(P0.01)。不同耕作措施下,复合耕作模式(优化施肥+横坡垄作+旺长期揭膜)拦截径流和养分流失的效果最好。RDA分析结果发现,与降雨量相比较,径流量是影响氮磷养分变化的主要环境因子(P0.01)。径流量与氮养分(NH_4~+-N除外)流失量的相关性高于与磷的相关性,表明氮比磷更容易随径流流失。顺坡处理NVF和OVF与环境因子径流量和氮磷养分流失量TN、TDN、NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N、TP、TDP呈正相关,横坡处理OHF和OHFR与其呈负相关。     

环青海湖地区草地生态环境现状及治理对策

环青海湖地区在青藏高原生态系统中占有极其重要的生态地位,保护和治理好区内生态环境,其社会及生态意义重大。本文在深入调查研究的基础上阐述了环青海湖地区的生态环境现状,分析了生态环境恶化的成因,因地制宜地提出了生态建设的思路及治理对策。     

关于平原区的水土保持问题

水土流失是指在水力、重力、风力等外营力的作用下,水土资源和土地生产力的破坏和损失,包括土地表层损失和水的损失。我国是世界上水土流失最为严重的国家之一,尤其在山区和丘陵区。随着经济社会的发展,人口、资源、环境矛盾问题日益突出,笔者发现平原区也存在水土流失问题,且由于平原面积大,地貌类型多,加上人为因素的影响,致使平原区水土流失带来的危害日益严重,从贯彻落实新《水土保持法》的角度出发,本文重点介绍平原区水土流失的类型和特点,并提出了治理各种类型水土流失的措施。对于保护平原区的生态环境和促进经济的可持续发展有很重要的意义。     

降水特征与农作处理对坡耕地水土流失的动态研究

通过在云南红壤坡耕地上建造径流小区,研究了自然降雨情况下6种不同农作处理的水土流失特征。结果表明:横坡垄作能有效减缓强降雨对坡耕地的侵蚀,减少径流流失,但不能有效防治长降雨的持续冲刷;顺坡垄作对强降雨和长降雨的侵蚀都不能有效减少水土流失。烤烟的不同生长时期对水土流失的影响因素不同。烤烟生长前期,垄作方式是影响水土流失的主要因素;在烤烟生长进入成熟期后,各处理间的泥沙流失量差异都不显著,各处理的地表植被覆盖率都达到最大化,地表植被覆盖率成为影响水土流失的主要因素。     

农田土壤氮素循环及其对土壤氮流失的影响

分析了土壤氮素循环及其对土壤氮流失的影响,提出了加强氮肥管理、重视平衡施肥、提高作物氮素吸收能力、优化耕作制度及灌溉方式等降低我国农田土壤氮素流失的主要对策.     

有机肥结合农艺措施对烤烟生长和产质量的影响

采用田间试验方法,研究有机肥配施、稻草覆盖、钾肥追肥方法对烟叶质量（总糖含量、还原糖含量、氯含量、烟碱含量）、烤烟产量、烟株农艺性状（株高、叶片数、最大叶长、最大叶宽）的影响。结果表明：配施油菜饼肥和农家肥可以改善烟叶品质并适当提高烟叶产量,前者对提高烤烟优质烟比例的效果更明显;钾肥适当后施可以显著提高烟叶产量,稻草覆盖代替地膜覆盖对烤烟前期生长、烟叶产量和品质有不良影响。     

外来有害生物红火蚁在广西蔓延的可能性及防控措施

为了对近年来入侵华南地区及港台地区且危害严重的外来有害生物红火蚁[Solenopsis invicta Buren(Hymenoptera:Formicidae)]有更为详细的了解,文章对红火蚁的地理分布、分类地位、形态特征、生活习性以及危害特性作了介绍,同时根据国内外有关研究结果与经验提出了红火蚁在广西蔓延的可能性及相关防控措施,为广西防控红火蚁提供参考依据。