北温带干旱地区土壤剖面CO_2通量的变化特征

采用开放式样杆方法,对干旱土纲的4种土壤类型(栗钙土、灰钙土、粗骨土、山地灰褐土)进行土壤剖面CO2通量的观测研究,结果表明:1)在0～60cm深度范围内土壤剖面CO2通量随土壤深度的增加而增加,60cm为转折点,之后,随土壤深度的增加而减小。2)土壤剖面CO2通量平均值为660μmol/(m2·h),在-9076～16988μmol/(m2·h)范围内变化,如果土地利用/土地覆盖发生改变(0～70cm深度),将可能有254.6t/(km2·a)CO2从土壤向大气释放。3)土壤种类不同,CO2通量明显不同,森林土壤释放量大于草原土壤。4)在通量-深度曲线中,各土壤类型均出现1～2个拐点,变化原因与土壤剖面结构和根系分布有关,钙积层的有无、厚度起决定作用。5)存在季节变化,植物生长季节的CO2通量远大于其他季节,其他季节可能存在土壤吸收CO2现象。因此,应避免在植物生长季节施工动土,以减少土壤CO2向大气中释放。     

60天释放期缓释尿素可实现早稻和晚稻的一次性基施

【目的】缓释肥料是一次性施肥及减量化施肥的重要载体,探讨缓释尿素对水稻养分吸收动态及产量形成的影响,为新型肥料的研发以及水稻产量的进一步提高提供重要的理论指导。 【方法】早稻及晚稻的大田试验共设5个处理:1）不施氮（CK）;2）普通尿素分次施用（PU1,基肥50%、返青肥20%、拔节肥30%）;3）普通尿素一次性基施（PU2）;4）60天型养分释放期的缓释尿素一次性施用（PCU60）;5）90天型养分释放期的缓释尿素一次性施用（PCU90）。除不施氮处理外,其他处理氮肥用量均为N 150 kg/hm2,所有处理磷钾的用量分别为P₂O₅ 55 kg/hm2、K₂O 130 kg/hm2,肥源分别为过磷酸钙及氯化钾。田间小区随机排列,各处理重复4次。在早稻拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期及灌浆期采集植株样品进行养分分析,在灌浆期采集剑叶及籽粒样品进行养分分析,并测定灌浆期伤流液中氮的含量以及灌浆期剑叶SPAD值的变化;在早稻及晚稻采收后记录产量和产量构成要素。 【结果】早稻产量以60天型缓释尿素处理及分次施肥处理最高,其次为普通尿素一次性施用处理及90天型缓释尿素处理,不施氮对照产量最低;而在晚稻上90天型缓释尿素处理、60天型缓释尿素处理与分次施肥处理之间水稻产量没有显著性差异。90天型缓释尿素养分释放期过长,导致了灌浆期氮素供应过剩,水稻贪青导致灌浆不足,降低了千粒重。90天及60天型缓释尿素的处理提高了早稻拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期及灌浆期地上部及地下部氮、磷的含量,其中以90天型缓释尿素处理最高。在早稻灌浆期,90天及60天型缓释尿素的处理水稻剑叶及籽粒氮含量、茎导管伤流氮含量以及剑叶SPAD值均高于其他处理。一次性施用60天及90天缓释尿素还可以提高土壤碱解氮的含量。 【结论】缓释尿素可以用于水稻一次性施肥,但在水稻上90天型缓释尿素的养分释放期过长,而60天型缓释尿素养分释放期适中。缓释尿素可以促进水稻对氮素的吸收并且可以用于减量化施肥,缓释尿素对磷的吸收有显著的协同作用,在施用缓释尿素时还可以适当减少磷的施用量。     

Accumulation of zinc from diet and its release in common carp

High zinc diet of 2000 mg kg^–1 was fed to common carp (Cyprinus carpio), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) for 8 weeks to compare the accumulation of Zn in fish. It was found that accumulation of zinc from diet by grass carp and tilapia was low when compared to common carp. The largest difference occurred in digestive tract tissue. The digestive tract tissue of common carp had a large pool of stored zinc, the mean storable capacity is about 1500 g Zn g^–1 fresh tissue, and the time needed to saturate the tissue when feeding 2000 mg Zn kg^–1 diet is about 8 weeks. The accumulated Zn in the digestive tract tissue of common carp was released when the dietary Zn was reduced to normal level (50 mg kg^–1) or deficient level (4 mg kg^–1) for 4 weeks.Subcellular fractionation results indicate that Zn accumulated in digestive tract tissue of common carp was accumulated mainly in the nuclei/cell debris fraction. Exposure to a high Zn diet induced some metallothionein-like substance in the digestive tract tissue and the hepatopancreas of common carp, but the amount was very low when compared with the amount of Zn accumulated in the nuclei/cell debris fraction.     

包膜控释肥料氮素释放动力学研究

采用7d静置法和土壤培养试验,对聚合物包膜控释肥料养分释放动态进行了研究。结果表明,供试的7种包膜肥料初期溶出率均小于12%,微分溶出率为0.26%～2.49%;培养期间,7种肥料配比的养分释放曲线斜率均随时间的延长而逐渐下降;养分释放曲线根据其斜率可分为3组:2种控释肥单施或配合施用的最低,单施尿素的最高,尿素与控释肥配合施用的居中;各处理的氮释放动力学方程均达到显著或极显著水平,可用一级动力学方程描述其养分释放特性;速率常数k既可反映控释肥料氮素释放速率的快慢,又可描述肥料的配比效应。与控释肥单施或其配合施用相比,尿素与控释肥配比施用,氮素释放速率增加了65.4%～164.5%,释放期缩短了11～44d。     

基于热泵的日光温室浅层土壤水媒蓄放热装置试验

由于日光温室的蓄热能力有限,后半夜温度往往比较低,难以满足作物生长需求。针对这一问题,该文提出了基于热泵的日光温室浅层土壤水媒蓄放热方法,其原理是白天开启循环水泵,将后墙获得的太阳辐射储存到温室浅层土壤中;前半夜通过浅层土壤热量的自然释放加热温室;当温室温度较低时,启动热泵系统将浅层土壤中的热量提升后加热温室。试验结果表明,在阴天系统系数(coefficient of performance,COP)能达到3以上,与燃煤热水锅炉相比节能33%;与对照温室相比,盖上保温被后,由于试验温室蓄热量大于对照温室,试验温室空气温度和土壤温度分别比对照温室平均高3.2和3.3℃;开启热泵机组后,试验温室空气温度和土壤温度分别比对照温室平均高5.7和2.9℃。     

酸雨作用下红壤铅的释放特征与规律研究

采用人工模拟酸雨淋溶装置,研究了酸雨作用下红壤铅的释放特征与规律。结果表明,酸雨对铅释放的影响呈现一定的规律性,在淋溶前期,铅释放因土壤不同而表现出较大的差异,当淋溶到中期以后,供试红壤铅释放量均表现为随淋溶量的增加而上升。模拟酸雨对红壤中铅的释放产生明显影响,影响的程度因供试红壤不同而异。经过9150～10650mm模拟酸雨淋溶以后,与对照相比,pH4.5的酸雨使红壤铅累积释放量提高10.64%～99.19%,pH3.5的酸雨使其提高17.02%～483.15%。铅累积释放量与淋溶量的关系可用一元二次式来描述,供试红壤平均铅累积释放量(Q)随淋溶量(H)的变化为Q=-2.5335 0.0266H 6.8677×10-7H2。     

洛宁县退耕还林固碳产氧效应及价值研究

通过对洛宁县退耕还林林分的蓄积量调查,并取得6株平均木用干燥法测得6株平均木的生物量,根据6株平均木蓄积量和生物量建立线性模型,并以此推算洛宁县退耕还林林分总生物量为188万t。用氧气的市场价格来计算所放出的氧气的价值,吸收二氧化碳的价值用碳税率法来计算。以此来计算洛宁县固碳产氧的总价值。固碳产氧价值分别为平均每年8 485.2万元和15 262.9万元。     

Changes in Soil pH and Extractable Phosphorus Following Application of Turkey Manure Incinerator Ash and Triple Superphosphate

During the incineration of turkey manure, a wide variety and concentration of nutrients are conserved in the turkey manure ash (TMA). In particular, the high concentration of citrate-soluble phosphorus (P) (43 g kg^?1) may make it a suitable P source for crop production. The ash is alkaline with a pH of 12.2. We conducted a soil incubation study using a low-P soil with a pH of 6.2 to evaluate the effects of TMA on soil pH and extractable P. Two TMA rates, based on citrate-soluble P (10.9 and 21.9 mg kg^?1), were compared with equivalent rates of triple superphosphate (TSP). In addition, a 0-P control was included. At the rates tested, TMA slightly increased soil pH, but this increase would be of minor agronomic importance. At equivalent P rates, changes in water-soluble P (WSP) concentrations with TMA and TSP were similar. Changes in iron-oxide-strip–extractable P (FeO P) and Bray 1 P concentrations were greater with TMA than with TSP. In contrast, changes in Olsen P concentrations were greater with TSP than with TMA for up to 32 days. For TMA, the ability of the tests to extract P was ranked, from highest to lowest, as Bray 1 P > FeO P > Olsen P > WSP, and for TSP they were ranked Bray 1 P ≥ Olsen P ≥ FeO P > WSP. However, the Bray 1 P and FeO P tests tended to overestimate plant-available P because they measured more citrate-soluble P than that added with TMA. We conclude that TMA can be used as a P source for crop production and that the Olsen test may provide a better estimate of plant-available P in TMA-amended soil.     

施用控释尿素对油菜籽产量、氮肥利用率及土壤无机氮含量的影响

2009~2010年度在我国油菜主产区采用多点田间试验研究了施用控释尿素（Controlled release urea, CRU）对油菜籽产量、氮肥利用率及土壤无机氮含量的影响,以期为CRU在油菜上的施用提供理论依据。结果表明,CRU一次性基施可以保证后期氮素供应,明显促进油菜的生长发育,与普通尿素一次性基施处理（UB）相比,油菜叶片的SPAD值、株高及花期绿叶数明显增加。油菜籽产量增加了7.1%~19.7%,影响产量的构成因素主要有总角果数、分支数和第一节位高。油菜的氮素积累量增加16.9%~27.3%,氮肥利用率提高12.2~17.7个百分点,试验后耕层土壤（030 cm）的硝态氮含量升高了149.3%~296.1%,无机氮含量升高了40.5%~145.9%。CRU处理与尿素分次施用处理（UD）相比,生长指标、油菜籽产量和干物质量均没有明显差异,氮积累量和氮肥利用率有增加趋势。可见,CRU一次性基施可以达到普通尿素分期施用的效果。     

Effect of native natural enemies and augmentative releases of Chrysoperla rufilabris Burmeister and Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) on the population dynamics of the green apple aphid,Aphis poMi De Geer

Abstract

The impact of native natural enemies, supplemented by augmentative releases of the green lacewing, Chrysoperia rufilabris Burmeister (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), and/or the cecidomyiid, Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), on the population dynamics of the green apple aphid, Aphis pomi De Geer (Homoptera: Aphididae), was assessed in a series of experiments conducted in north central Washington State, USA. In one trial, C. rufiabris alone was released at a rate of 200 eggs or first instar larvae per tree per week for 6 weeks; in a second experiment, it was released in combination with A. aphidimyza at rates of 400 eggs and 250 pupae respectively per tree per week. In a final trial, A. aphidimyza alone was released at a rate of 200 pupae per tree per week for the duration of the growing season. The dominant native natural enemies in the study area were Chrysopa nigricornis Burmeister, A. aphidimyza. Onus sp. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), and various species of Syrphidae, Chamaemyiidae, and Coccinellidae (principally Coccinelle transversoguttata Faldermann and Hippodamia convergens Guerin). Exclusion cage techniques indicated that this native natural enemy complex caused significant mortality of A. pomi. However, no effect of the augmentative release treatments could be demonstrated, and where plant growth was vigorous and aphid populations high, the numerical response of indigenous generalist predators was insufficient to keep A. pomi densities below damaging levels.