中药多成分控缓释制剂研究方向探索

通过对中药复方多成分控缓释制剂研究进行总结,分析困扰中药多成分控缓释制剂研究的问题与困难,提出"整体受控、同步溶蚀"应为制备中药多成分控缓释制剂的指导原则,得出对中药多成分控缓释制剂制备需结合多种制备技术,使之互取其长、互补其短的结论。     

缓释尿素氮素利用率及肥效试验研究

为验证缓释尿素的肥料利用率和应用效果,采用对比试验的方法,以普通尿素作对照,研究5种缓释尿素对玉米和水稻产量的影响。试验结果表明,在等养分含量处理条件下,缓释尿素对玉米和水稻两种作物均具有增产作用,但差异不显著;5种缓释尿素都能不能程度地提高玉米的肥料利用率,且效果优于水稻。     

替米考星肠溶微丸的制备及其评价

采用挤出滚圆法制备含药微丸,药物以固体分散体的形式存在微丸中,流化床进行肠溶包衣,制得替米考星肠溶微丸。通过不同的工艺处方筛选,考察其理化性质及体外释放特性。分别采用紫外分光光度计测定替米考星的含量,电子显微镜、红外分光光度法和差示扫描量热法确证微丸的特性。结果显示,微晶纤维素在一定程度上对微丸骨架的成型有影响,而包衣的厚度影响微丸的体外释放行为。释放度实验表明替米考星肠溶微丸能达到肠溶制剂的效果。     

含氮、磷包膜缓释肥的制备及其缓释性能研究

采用红外光谱(FTIR)对以尿素、甲醛和磷酸一铵为原料,制备了以磷酸一铵为核心,脲醛肥为膜材料,同时含有氮、磷两种营养元素的包膜缓释肥的结构进行了研究。通过其在土壤中的养分释放特性表明,在土壤中,氮元素的缓释期为100 d,磷元素的缓释期为30 d;而在水中,氮元素在100 d时只释放了70%,磷元素在10 d时则达到100%。说明作为膜材料的缓释肥通过聚合物降解的化学过程,使氮元素获得了明显的缓释效果;作为核心的磷酸一铵,受包膜的物理保护,其分子中的磷元素也获得了一定的缓释效果。     

缓/控释尿素在稻田土壤中养分释放与转化特点及脲酶响应

采用田间应用试验方法,研究利用3种生化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)或3,5-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMP)和N丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)对尿素氮转化的协同作用、结合氮肥增效剂多肽(PA)或丙烯酸树脂包膜制成的缓/控释尿素肥料在北方粳稻土壤中养分释放与转化特点,明确肥料在北方稻田土壤中的缓/控释性能。结果表明:所用肥料在水田土壤中尿素态氮都能保持到水稻灌浆期,尿素有效性至少可达82d,2种生化抑制剂结合包膜肥料可达146d,完全可以满足水稻整个生长期的氮素供给,脲酶抑制剂NBPT及包膜层具有显著的缓/控释作用效果;而多肽活性物质在稻田土壤中无明显抑制尿素转化作用。在水稻生长前、中期,土壤铵态氮含量很高,完全能满足水稻对铵态氮的吸收,硝化抑制剂DCD或DMP和水田淹水土壤生态环境共同作用使土壤中铵态氮大量存在、硝态氮较少,总体上DMP作用效果优于DCD;所有肥料对水田土壤脲酶活性影响差异不大,PA没有起到保持土壤中大量的氮素养分和减少氮素损失的显著作用。     

不同作物还田秸秆的养分释放特征试验

为了探索秸秆还田与化肥的合理搭配施用,采用尼龙网袋法,研究了水稻秸秆、小麦秸秆、油菜秸秆在淹水培养下养分释放特征。结果表明,供试秸秆腐解速率均表现在培养前期腐解较快,不同秸秆之间表现为油菜秸秆大于水稻秸秆和小麦秸秆;后期腐解速率逐渐变慢,3种秸秆之间差异不明显。经过124 d的培养,水稻秸秆、小麦秸秆、油菜秸秆的累积腐解率分别为49.17%、52.17%和49.81%。秸秆中养分释放速率均表现为K＞P＞C＞N,释放量表现为C＞K＞N＞P。经过124 d的腐解,水稻秸秆、小麦秸秆、油菜秸秆的碳释放率分别为7.53%、66.58%、52.54%;氮分别为42.05%、49.26%、57.83%;磷分别为68.28%、59.93%、67.32%;钾在培养12 d后释放率均达到98%。根据秸秆腐解特征及养分含量,作物推荐施肥量中可以减少钾肥用量,并适当延后施用;在还田初期可以不调整氮磷肥的施用量。     

Attract-and-kill strategy. Laboratory studies on hatched larvae of Culex pipiens

The attract‐and‐kill strategy is a new pest management technique that presupposes the intelligent combination of an attracting agent (e.g. pheromone) and a killing agent (e.g. insecticide). In the present study, the potential combination of the microencapsulated synthetic oviposition pheromone 6‐acetoxy‐5‐hexadecanolide with an insecticide has been tested. Initially, polyurea microcapsules containing 6‐acetoxy‐5‐hexadecanolide, the synthetic mixture of diastereomers of the oviposition pheromone of the mosquito species Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae), were studied. Laboratory bioassays were performed to confirm the bioactivity of the microencapsulated pheromone on the oviposition activity of Culex pipiens L. biotype molestus Førskal (Diptera: Culicidae) with the aim of determining the optimum dose for oviposition response. Its effect was dose dependent, revealing an optimum dose of 300 mg of dried microcapsules. Attractancy over time was also studied. The microencapsulated pheromone was found to be sufficiently attractive to gravid female mosquitoes for a period of 40 days. Finally, the combination of the synthetic pheromone with the control agent temephos showed both an acceptable oviposition activity and sufficient larvicidal effect. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

春玉米田翻压绿肥腐解及养分释放特征研究

采用尼龙网袋埋田法,研究越冬绿肥二月兰在春玉米田土壤腐解特征及养分释放规律,为华北地区春玉米减肥增效技术研究提供理论依据。结果表明,二月兰还田0~10d腐解速率最高,达1.21g/d,阶段内累积腐解率为28.94%;11~45d进入缓慢腐解期,腐解速率为0.44g/d,阶段累积腐解率占比37.45%;46~123d腐解速率稳定在0.03g/d,至玉米收获时累积腐解率达71.26%。二月兰腐解期内养分累积释放率表现为钾>碳>磷>氮,分别达94.90%、76.46%、56.35%和53.83%,且钾、碳和氮均在还田0~45d累积释放量最高,而磷在还田0~3d出现“增高富集”后快速释放。据测算,二月兰腐解期内氮、磷、钾释放量分别为26.82、4.04和35.88kg/hm²。因此,华北地区绿肥二月兰还田可适当替代化学肥料,依据养分释放规律,春玉米前期应重氮磷、轻钾,后期补氮钾。     

Estimation of glass eel (Anguilla anguilla) exploitation in the Severn Estuary,England

Mark-release-recapture trials were conducted to determine the exploitation rate of glass eel Anguilla anguilla (L.) by handheld dip nets in the Severn Estuary in the spring of 2020. The glass eel were marked with Rhodamine B at a concentration of 0.1 g/L, 200 glass eel/L for 4.5 hr and then placed in fresh water for 36–48 hr to monitor mortality. In trial 1, 891 ± 100 of the 20,455 glass eel were recaptured while in trial 2,373 ± 172 of the 27,923 glass eel released were recaptured. The exploitation rate was estimated to be 4.36% (±0.49) in trial 1 and 1.33% (±0.62) in trial 2. The size of the glass eel population from trial 1 was estimated to be 24.69 t (22.46 – 28.81), and the overall exploitation rate of the fishery for the season was 7.8% (6.7% – 8.6%). Comparisons are made with studies in other estuaries and with conservation targets set by the EU Eel Regulation and the Eel Management Plan for the River Severn. The study suggests the fishery is not the main cause of the Severn RBD failing to meet escapement targets.     

运输过程及密封剂添加量对缓控释复合肥氮素释放率的影响

缓控释复合肥产品生产出来后要经过很多中间环节才能在田间施用,其中的运输环节有可能对控释肥的释放率产生影响。本试验选用两种密封剂产品,在生产过程中分别添加0、2‰、4‰、6‰、8‰、10‰的浓度,在运输途中重要的三个环节,测定每个环节的控释复合肥氮素释放率的变化。测定结果表明:两种密封剂处理的产品,氮素释放率随着密封剂浓度的升高逐渐减小,而运输途中的各个环节对氮素释放率均有一定影响,尤以运至田间地头的影响最大,用A喷涂的产品运至用户阶段比到分销商阶段平均升高6.2%,而运到田间地头阶段比运至用户阶段平均升高11.2%;而用B喷涂的产品分别升高6.9%和18.7%。综合考虑用密封剂A浓度在6‰～8‰时效果最佳。