Ecological consequences of variation in standard metabolism and dominance among salmon parr

Abstract – Standard metabolic rate (SMR, closely related to basal and resting metabolism) varies by up to threefold among juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., of similar size at common temperature. Here, consequences of this variation are predicted by combining empirically derived relationships between SMR, specific dynamic action, energy budgets, water velocity, food level in the environment and food availability to fish. The range of velocities across which growth is predicted to occur is inversely related to a fish’s SMR. Growth is positively related to SMR at high but negatively related to it at low‐food levels. The relationship between food level and the range of velocities over which lower SMR fish can grow but higher SMR fish cannot is asymmetrically bi‐phasic and peaked. It is predicted that maternal manipulation of offspring SMR would generate fitness benefits through bet‐hedging against unpredictability in food level and increases in the overall range of velocities that the family of offspring can occupy and thrive in.     

Determinants of parr size variations within a population of brown trout Salmo trutta L.

Abstract – The size of 2-month old trout Salmo trutta parr differed between sites and between years along the River Esva catchment (Asturias, northwestern Spain). Such variation was in a direction opposite to the variation observed in parental size. Parr were smaller in sites where parents grew faster, whereas larger parr occurred in sites where parents grew less. Parr size of six cohorts (1990–1996, except 1995) at 14 sites along the River Esva was inversely related to the growth rate and length of parents and positively related to canopy, egg size, and water temperature. The latter acted similarly on all parr independently of egg size and the site where the egg originated. Covariation patterns among parr size, parental traits, and canopy suggest that a canopy-regulated, growth-determined trade-off between egg size and number, previously described for the Esva trout, also extends to alevin size. In forested, shaded sites, adult trout grew less and spawned fewer larger eggs that resulted in larger alevins, whereas in fully insolated, production-rich sites, trout grew faster and spawned higher numbers of smaller eggs that produced smaller parr. I hypothesize that the phenotypic plasticity illustrated by the environmentally induced trade-off between egg size and number further extended to alevin size may be evolutionarily advantageous because it relates the size of trout alevins to food availability, as predicted by the growth previously experienced by parents. ^NOTE     

不同类型玉米品种间子粒脱水速率相关分析

利用10个黄淮海区域有代表性的玉米品种,进行子粒脱水速率相关性状研究。结果表明,子粒水分含量与散粉天数、生理成熟天数、穗轴水分、苞叶水分、百粒重及小区产量具有显著的正相关,与子粒脱水速率呈显著负相关。不同品种所有子粒脱水性状间均存在显著差异。通径分析结果表明,仅苞叶水分这一性状对子粒含水量具有显著的正向直接效应。依据子粒生理成熟期时的水分含量把其划分为3种不同脱水类型,品种不同类型、同一类型不同品种间均具有完全不同的脱水方式。根据研究结果提出,实现机收子粒应该重点考虑3个重要因素,即生理成熟期、生理成熟后子粒脱水速率和种植密度。     

土壤水分对水稻光合速率与物质运转的影响

 以6个中熟水、陆稻品种为材料，研究了在不同土壤水分状况下水稻光合速率与物质运转的特点。叶片光合速率随土水势的下降而减小，抗旱性品种减小的幅度小于抗旱性较差的品种。长期低土壤水分处理后，群体光合能力的下降主要是由于叶面积的减小。低土壤水分处理导致叶片中蔗糖和总可溶性糖含[CM(45*2]量的增加，淀粉含量的减少。淀粉/可溶性糖、淀粉/蔗糖与相对产量(处理/对照)呈极显著正相关(r=0.9854、 r=0.9412)。低土壤水分处理下，抽穗期茎鞘中可用性糖(可溶性糖+淀粉)累积量减少，抽穗后运转率增加，抗旱性品种的相对累积量(处理/对照)高于抗旱性较差的品种，但运转率的大小与品种的抗旱性无明显联系。     

田阳县水稻纹枯病病情指数与病株率关系数学模型的初步研究

依据田阳县2002—2012年水稻纹枯病观测田的病情系统调查记载表数据,采用分层随机抽样法抽取100对数据,构建了病情指数y与病株率x数学预测模型y=0．2919x-0．1478（％,0〈x〈20）,应用于预测预报时可减少调查工作量,提高工作效率。     

桦褐孔菌发酵液提取物小鼠体内抗H_(22)肝癌的作用

为确定桦褐孔菌发酵液提取物的毒性级别,研究对H22肝癌小鼠的抗肿瘤及免疫调节作用。依据2004年实施的《急性毒性试验国家标准》进行急性毒性研究和级别鉴定,同时建立H22肝癌的荷瘤小鼠模型进行小鼠体内抗肿瘤的研究,并采用MTT法检测荷瘤小鼠自然杀伤细胞活性(NK)及T淋巴细胞增殖情况。结果表明,桦褐孔菌发酵液提取物(IOFE)的LD50为15.02 g·kg-115 g·kg-1,属无毒级别。与阴性对照和阳性对照比,体重、采食量均稳定增长,抑瘤率为44.25%,可显著提高NK细胞活性67.13%(p0.01),但对T淋巴细胞增殖率效果不明显。桦褐孔菌发酵液提取物具有较好的抗肿瘤作用,且毒性极低,抗肿瘤作用可能是通过提高机体免疫活性尤其是NK细胞的杀伤活性实现的。     

水钾耦合对苜蓿根颈抗氧化特性及越冬率的影响

为探究不同水钾耦合处理对科尔沁沙地生境下种植苜蓿(Medicago sativa)抗寒生理特性的影响,以'骑士T'和'公农1号'苜蓿品种为试验材料,采用两因素裂区随机区组设计,水分处理为主区:灌水时间间隔分别为4d,8d和12 d(用W1,W2,W3表示);钾肥施用量水平为副区,具体施用量分别为50 kg·hm-2 K...     

几种豆科牧草种子萌发期的耐盐性

以浓度为0.6%、0.9%、1.2%、1.5%和1.8%的复盐(71%NaCl+3%CaCl2+4%MgSO4+22%K2SO4)溶液培养种子,根据初萌时间、发芽率下降百分比、发芽指数、活力指数、平均发芽速度、相对发芽率、相对发芽势和耐盐指数8个指标,应用隶属函数法确定九种豆科牧草苗期耐盐能力为沙打旺>中苜3号紫花苜蓿>东方山羊豆>小冠花>百脉根>扁蓿豆>鹰嘴紫云英>白三叶>黄花苜蓿。     

莲潜根线虫回收率的影响因素初步研究

不同温度，PH值和分离时间对莲潜根线虫回收率的影响表明，以30℃，PH=7时分离回收率最高，温度在15℃时，分离7天，回收率达100％。