Corn crop response under managing different irrigation and salinity levels

Non-uniformity of water distribution under irrigation system creates both deficit and surplus irrigation areas. Water salinity can be hazard on crop production; however, there is little information on the interaction of irrigation and salinity conditions on corn (Zea Mays) growth and production. This study evaluated the effect of salinity and irrigation levels on growth and yield of corn grown in the arid area of Egypt. A field experiment was conducted using corn grown in northern Egypt at Quesina, Menofia in 2009 summer season to evaluate amount of water applied, salinity hazard and their interactions. Three salinity levels and five irrigation treatments were arranged in a randomized split-plot design with salinity treatments as main plots and irrigation rates within salinity treatments. Salinity treatments were to apply fresh water (0.89 dS m⁻¹), saline water (4.73 dS m⁻¹), or mixing fresh plus saline water (2.81 dS m⁻¹). Irrigation treatments were a ratio of crop evapotranspiration (ET) as: 0.6ET, 0.8ET, 1.0ET, 1.2ET, and 1.4ET. In well-watered conditions (1.0ET), seasonal water usable by corn was 453, 423, and 380 mm for 0.89EC, 2.81EC and 4.73EC over the 122-day growing season, respectively. Soil salt accumulation was significantly increased by either irrigation salinity increase or amount decrease. But, soil infiltration was significantly decreased by either salinity level or its interaction with irrigation amount. Leaf temperature, transpiration rate, and stomata resistance were significantly affected by both irrigation and salinity levels with interaction. Leaf area index, harvest index, and yield were the greatest when fresh and adequate irrigation was applied. Grain yield was significantly affected in a linear relationship (r² ≥ 0.95) by either irrigation or salinity conditions with no interaction. An optimal irrigation scheduling was statistically developed based on crop response for a given salinity level to extrapolate data from the small experiment (uniform condition) to big field (non-uniformity condition) under the experiment constraints.     

不同类型土壤团聚体化学稳定性分析

以4种不同类型土壤为研究对象,在室内用干筛的0.25~5 mm的团聚体以容积密度为1.40 g/cm3装填到环刀中,用5种不同浓度的氯化铵溶液分别浸润饱和24、48和72 h后,以纯水为介质采用降水头法测定土壤饱和导水率,探讨了不同类型土壤团聚体的稳定性对盐溶液的反应特征及抗化学物质的破坏能力。结果表明:土壤饱和导水率并非常数,4种供试土壤饱和导水率在不同浓度氯化铵溶液和浸泡时间处理下均呈显著变化,总体表现为盐浓度越高、浸泡时间越长,土壤饱和导水率越小,但不同类型土壤对盐溶液的响应差异显著。由此可得,在纯水中水稳性较强的土壤团聚体却不一定是化学稳定性强的,团聚体的化学稳定性随其胶结剂的类型、数量与质量不同,对土壤溶液中化学物质响应差异显著。     

不完全分形多孔介质热导率模型

将多孔介质的物理构成分为具有分形结构的团聚体集合和不具有分形特性的固相和孔隙相,建立了简化单元体模型解释其微观结构。结合多孔介质在干燥过程中热量守恒定律和傅里叶导热定律导出了材料总有效热导率模型。此模型无经验常数,每一个参数都有物理意义。研究结果表明,有效热导率与迂曲分形维数、面积分形维数、孔隙率和热风温度呈反比,与热风速率和时间呈正比。     

水库汛期分期方法研究及其应用

应用矢量统计法和相对频率法，基于年最大值取样以及超定量取样进行汛期分期计算，并与现有的方法进行比较研究。实例应用结果表明，这两种方法均可用于汛期的分期计算中，具有一定的实用价值。     

果园土壤电导率适宜样本容量的影响因素研究

2005年4~7月期间利用W.E.T电导率测量仪,采用网格化取样方式对烟台农科院梨园的表层土壤(0~30cm)电导率的162个样点进行了3次取样,并对土壤电导率适宜样本容量的影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,在所考虑的置信水平和精度范围内,相对于取样间距的变化,不同取样时间土壤电导率合理采样数的变化更加明显,取样间距不同引起的合理采样数的变化幅度介于1.28%~11.36%之间,取样时间不同时合理采样数的变化幅度介于33.33%~45.67%之间。因此在研究区域内,由人为因素(施肥等)引起的土壤电导率分布状况是影响其合理取样数目的主要因素。     

沼液施用对设施土壤饱和导水率的影响

为探求沼液灌溉对土壤饱和导水率的影响。系统研究了不同沼液配比及灌溉量对番茄根区不同深度土壤的pH值、容重、总孔隙度、颗粒机械组成、含水率和有机质的变化规律,进而分析对土壤饱和导水率的影响。灌施沼液能一定程度降低土壤pH值,降幅为1.25%～3.75%;施用沼液可以降低土壤容重,降低幅度在2.13%～8.97%之间;灌施沼液可以降低土壤砂粒含量,增加土壤粉粒及黏粒含量;随着沼液灌溉配比增大以及沼液灌溉量的增加,不同土层深度的总孔隙度均呈现增加的趋势;土壤含水率与沼液配比无关与沼液灌溉量呈正相关,土壤含水率随土层深度呈抛物线变化;垂直剖面上,沼液灌溉处理土壤剖面的饱和导水率都随土壤深度的增加而下降;有机质对土壤饱和导水率的影响阈值为18.51 g/kg。多元逐步回归分析表明土壤容重、黏粒含量以及土壤有机质含量是影响土壤饱和导水率的主要因子,建议沼液合理的配比及灌溉量应控制为T2处理,但是其长期施用效果还有待于进一步验证。     

四端法土壤电导率传感器恒流源设计与试验

土壤信息对于指导农业生产有着极为重要的作用,土壤电导率反映了土壤含水量、盐分、粘粒含量和类型等土壤信息,准确获取土壤电导率对于实现农业精细化生产意义重大。在各种土壤电导率测量方法中,四端法因其成本低、精度高、测量快速和操作简便而大量应用于实际测量;恒流源是四端法测量仪器的重要组成部分,其性能直接决定着测量仪器的精度以及测量范围。本文对比了3种恒流源对测量仪器测量性能的影响,发现采用Howland恒流源的四端法测量仪器高电导率测量能力强而低电导率测量范围较小,测量精度最高;采用改进型Howland恒流源的四端法测量仪器低电导率测量范围有所扩大,测量精度良好;采用基于差动放大器的恒流源的电导率仪低电导率测量范围最大,高电导率测量范围较优,测量精度良好。     

Simulation of transpiration, drainage, N uptake, nitrate leaching, and N uptake concentration in tomato grown in open substrate

Free-drainage or “open” substrate system used for vegetable production in greenhouses is associated with appreciable NO₃⁻ leaching losses and drainage volumes. Simulation models of crop N uptake, N leaching, water use and drainage of crops in these systems will be useful for crop and water resource management, and environmental assessment. This work (i) modified the TOMGRO model to simulate N uptake for tomato grown in greenhouses in SE Spain, (ii) modified the PrHo model to simulate transpiration of tomato grown in substrate and (iii) developed an aggregated model combining TOMGRO and PrHo to calculate N uptake concentrations and drainage NO₃⁻ concentration. The component models simulate NO₃⁻-N leached by subtracting simulated N uptake from measured applied N, and drainage by subtracting simulated transpiration from measured irrigation. Three tomato crops grown sequentially in free-draining rock wool in a plastic greenhouse were used for calibration and validation. Measured daily transpiration was determined by the water balance method from daily measurements of irrigation and drainage. Measured N uptake was determined by N balance, using data of volumes and of concentrations of NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ in applied nutrient solution and drainage. Accuracy of the two modified component models and aggregated model was assessed by comparing simulated to measured values using linear regression analysis, comparison of slope and intercept values of regression equations, and root mean squared error (RMSE) values. For the three crops, the modified TOMGRO provided accurate simulations of cumulative crop N uptake, (RMSE = 6.4, 1.9 and 2.6% of total N uptake) and NO₃⁻-N leached (RMSE = 11.0, 10.3, and 6.1% of total NO₃⁻-N leached). The modified PrHo provided accurate simulation of cumulative transpiration (RMSE = 4.3, 1.7 and 2.4% of total transpiration) and cumulative drainage (RMSE = 13.8, 6.9, 7.4% of total drainage). For the four cumulative parameters, slopes and intercepts of the linear regressions were mostly not statistically significant (P < 0.05) from one and zero, respectively, and coefficient of determination (r²) values were 0.96-0.98. Simulated values of total drainage volumes for the three crops were +21, +1 and −13% of measured total drainage volumes. The aggregated TOMGRO-PrHo model generally provided accurate simulation of crop N uptake concentration after 30-40 days of transplanting, with an average RMSE of approximately 2 mmol L⁻¹. Simulated values of average NO₃⁻ concentration in drainage, obtained with the aggregated model, were −7, +18 and +31% of measured values.     

Response of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) to mulching practices under planted greenhouse condition

Mulch is considered a desirable management technology for conserving soil moisture, improving soil temperature and soil quality. This study aimed to investigate soil conditions and hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) performance in terms of leaf photosynthetic capacity, fruit yield and quality, and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) under such practices in greenhouse condition. A field experiment across 3 years was carried out with four types of mulch (without mulch [CK], wheat straw mulch [SM], plastic film mulch [FM], and combined mulch with plastic film and wheat straw [CM]). Mulch could improve soil physical properties regardless of mulch materials. FM and CM treatments improved soil moistures status and soil temperature in comparison to CK control, while SM increased soil water content and decreased soil temperature. Mulch increased leaf net photosynthesis rate (P_N), stomatal conductance to water vapor (gs), intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci), and transpiration rate (E), but declined instant water use efficiency (WUEi). No significant effect of mulch application on chlorophyll fluorescence was existent for the entire growth season. Fruit yield and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) showed some increment under all the mulch conditions. Compared to CK, the yield was enhanced by 82.3%, 65.0%, and 111.5% in 2008; 38.1%, 17.4%, and 46.5% in 2009; and 14.3%, 6.5%, and 19.6% in 2010 under SM, FM, and CM conditions, respectively. Although FM produced better fruit quality than other treatments, CM is the recommended practice for hot pepper cultivation in greenhouse condition due to working well to facilitate soil condition (moisture and temperature), plant growth, and marketable yield.     

气候对早稻土壤供肥能力的影响

为了给测土配方施肥提供土壤供肥能力的参考依据，1987年至2005年在土壤肥力较一致的马肝泥田上进行了土壤供肥能力的多点田间试验。结果表明，气候对土壤供肥能力影响显著。土壤供肥能力：高温少雨年份K2O〉N〉P2O5，低温多雨年份P2O5〉K2O〉N，正常年份K2O〉P2O5〉N。土壤供肥比例（N：P2O5：K2O）：高温少雨年份为1：0．23：0．58，低温多雨年份为1：0．29：0．56，正常年份为1：0．25：0．62。