甲胺基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对南方根结线虫的毒力、防效及安全性研究

选用02%高渗甲胺基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(甲维盐)和18%阿维菌素对南方根结线虫进行室内毒力测定和盆钵药效试验.室内毒力测定结果显示:甲维盐对南方根结线虫二龄幼虫(J2)的毒力高于阿维菌素,甲维盐和阿维菌素的LC50值分别为0164 5、0453 2 mg·L-1.盆钵药效试验结果显示:甲维盐500倍液、1 000倍液对南方根结线虫病的相对防效为9367%、7969%,与阿维菌素防效相当,且甲维盐能显著抑制根结和卵块的产生.安全性测定结果显示:甲维盐各处理浓度对番茄生长均没有不良影响.表明:甲维盐可与阿维菌素交替应用于防治南方根结线虫病.     

坦布苏病毒荧光定量RT-PCR方法的建立

【目的】利用SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量技术建立一种相对定量检测坦布苏病毒的方法。【方法】针对坦布苏病毒NS5、E基因分别设计了1对特异性引物,同时设计1对扩增内参基因β-actin引物,将PCR扩增的片段分别连接到pMD18-T载体上构建重组质粒,经筛选、鉴定纯化后,倍比稀释作为质控样品,用于实时荧光定量PCR中NS5、E基因及内参基因β-actin标准曲线的构建,并进行反应的灵敏性、特异性和重复性试验。【结果】结果显示标准曲线线性关系R2值均在0.99 以上, 检测极限约为1.0E+01拷贝数质粒DNA;特异性结果表明只能检测到坦布苏病毒的扩增曲线;批内和批间重复性试验的变异系数均小于0.5%;用已建立的方法对临床样品进行3次重复检测,病毒RNA的检出率为100%。【结论】本研究初步建立了基于坦布苏病毒NS5、E基因的SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量RT-PCR的方法,为养鸭场诊断和监测坦布苏病毒提供了一种新的特异、灵敏的检测方法。     

上海城市典型林荫道夏季温湿效应

选择上海市6条不同覆盖率的城市林荫道作为研究对象,7：00~19：00每2h对样地样点和对照点的温度、相对湿度进行同步测定,连续测定12h。以无林荫覆盖道路为对照,分析城市林荫道的覆盖率、树种与环境温度和相对湿度之间的关系,为城市林荫道的建设管理提供科学依据。结果显示,6个时间段林荫道均表现出降温增湿效应;覆盖率与林荫道降温增湿效应成正相关关系,即林荫道的降温增湿能力随着覆盖率的增加而增强;作为林荫道行道树树种,香樟比悬铃木的降温增湿能力更强。     

恒温下相对湿度对果蔬热风干燥特性和品质的影响及调控

相对湿度作为干燥介质的重要参数,对干燥热质传质过程和干燥品质具有显著影响。但由于相对湿度对干燥过程的影响机理及优化调控机制尚不明确,导致相对湿度的调控方式多依靠经验,造成干燥效率低、品质差、能耗高等问题。对于传质过程,降低相对湿度能够增大对流传质系数,加快物料表面水分蒸发;而对于传热过程,升高相对湿度能够增大对流传热系数,加快物料升温速率。相对湿度较高时,物料升温速率快,内部水分迁移量增大,但表面水分蒸发量较小;而当相对湿度较低时,物料升温速率较慢,内部水分迁移量较小,但表面水分蒸发量较大。相对传热和传质过程的影响此消彼长,互相耦合。高相对湿度主要体现为对传热过程的影响,低相对湿度主要体现为对传质过程的影响。高相对湿度能够抑制物料表面的结壳,并能够提高复水性,降低收缩率。阶段降湿及多阶段降湿干燥方式下物料表面形成和保持了蜂窝状多孔结构,能够提高干燥效率和品质。基于监测物料温度的相对湿度调控方式被验证为较忧的相对湿度控制方式。阶段降湿干燥方式适用性的实质为：干燥过程中所体现出的对流传热热阻和内部导热热阻的相对大小,及对流传质阻力和内部传质阻力的相对大小,不同干燥条件和物料种类、厚度会影响以上传热传质阻力的大小,从而呈现出不同适应性的结果。当阶段降湿干燥过程中传热毕渥数>1且传热毕渥数>0.1时,说明阶段降湿干燥过程适用于此物料的干燥。该文综合论述了相对湿度对果蔬热风干燥过程中热质传递及干燥品质的影响,优化调控策略及适用性范围4个方面内容,明确了果蔬热风干燥过程中相对湿度的影响机理,为相对湿度的优化调控提供理论依据和技术支持。     

我国农产品出口的现状与策略

加入WTO以来,我国农产品出口增长明显,但为此付出了沉重的代价。本文结合我国农产品的出口现状,分析了当前农产品出口面临的主要问题,提出了几个对策。     

辽西地区相对资源承载力与可持续发展研究

本文讨论并改进了相对资源承载力的概念、研究思路和计算方法,选择具有代表性的辽西地区,实证分析1988—2004年辽西地区相对土地资源承载力、相对经济资源承载力、相对生活水平承载力和综合承载力的演变和空间差异,预测2010年和2015年辽西地区的人口超载规模,分析辽西地区相对资源承载力存在问题的原因,提出辽西地区实现可持续发展的对策。     

Characterization of mobile LiDAR data collected with multiple echoes per pulse from crowns during foliation

Abstract

As a state-of-the-art technology for fine-scale forest investigation, mobile terrestrial light detection and ranging (LiDAR), also referred to as mobile laser scanning (MLS), recently has been increasingly exploited to improve its performance on this task. One potential solution is to apply special MLS systems with the capability of collecting multiple echoes per pulse (multi-echoes, for short) from canopies. The methodologies of this rationale turned out to perform better but still insufficiently for canopy properties retrieval, owing to their common defective premise. That is, the knowledge of the characteristics of MLS scan data comprising multi-echoes, so far, is in shortage, especially when regarding the dynamic process of tree foliation. As a pioneering work for this challenge, this study attempted to comprehensively analyze the characteristics of MLS multi-echoes collected from tree crowns during foliation. Specifically, new stable multi-echoes-related features were deduced under the schematic frame of relative quantification, in both spatial and temporal sense. “Relative” here briefly means the division operation deployed on the attributes of multi-echoes, individually in terms of the number of echoes, echo width and crown volume integrity, between their different return orders. Then, the “relative” schematic was primarily validated for more stably representing crown properties during foliation, based on the real data that was collected by the Sensei MLS system with a maximum of three echoes per pulse. Further, a case of tree species classification was examined using a linear discriminant classifier, and it was testified that the resultant temporal statistical rules of multi-echoes as the reverse clues can enhance the performance of MLS in applications.     

Phosphorus Response and Fertilizer Recommendations for Wheat Grown on Nitisols in the Central Ethiopian Highlands

The provision of farmers with proper and balanced fertilizer recommendations is becoming increasingly important, for reasons of crop productivity, food security, and sustainability. Phosphorus (P) response trials with wheat were conducted on Nitisols at 14 sites in the central Ethiopian highlands during the 2010 and 2011 cropping seasons. The treatments, comprising six levels of P fertilizer (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 kg P ha^?1), were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Based on a yield difference between the control and the P treatments, 90% of sites responded to P fertilizer. Application of P fertilizer increased wheat grain yield, up to 30% more than the control. Extractable soil P concentrations (Bray 2, 0–15 cm deep) 3 weeks after planting significantly responded to P fertilizer rate. The critical P concentration (for 90% relative yield) was 13.5 mg kg^?1. Most sites tested had Bray 2 P values <10 mg kg^?1. In the absence of a soil test, a recommendation of 40 kg P ha^?1, resulting in the best response overall, could be made for the first year of application. We also recommend that to prevent a potential loss of wheat yield, a maintenance application of at least 5–12 kg P ha^?1 be applied every year, irrespective of the calculated recommended rate, in order to replace P exported from the field in produce. Further field trials are required to determine interactions between P response and the effects of climate, soil properties, and other management practices.     

Response of Maize and Cowpea Grown Sequentially to Application of Phosphate Rock in the Humid Tropics

Field trials were conducted at the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training Ibadan in 2000 and 2001 cropping seasons to evaluate the efficiency of some phosphorus (P) sources, rates, and frequency of application on grain yields of maize and cowpea grown sequentially. The experiment was laid out in a split–split plot arrangement using randomized complete block design, with three replications. The main plot was frequency of fertilizer application (seasonal and annual). Source of P [single superphosphate (SSP: 18% P₂O₅)]; Ogun rock phosphate (OPR: 20.21% P₂O₅), and crystallizer super (CS: 31.4% P₂O₅) constituted the subplots. The P rates (0, 20, 40, and 60 kg P ha^?1) were the sub-subplots. An early maize cropping followed by a late-season cowpea was the sequential cropping, while an early maize followed by a late-season maize was the continuous cropping. The croppings were repeated the second year. Frequency of P application and source of P were significantly different while rates of application were not. Maize and cowpea grain yields from the control treatment were significantly less than yields from P-treated plots. Maize grain yields were slightly greater in plots alternated with cowpea, compared to continuous maize. Relative agronomic efficiency (RAE) values of OPR and CS were 67% and 75%, respectively, in annual application and 140% and 134% in seasonal applications, respectively, in 2000. In 2001, the trend was almost similar to 2000 except that there was a decline in RAE values of cowpea. Each Naira invested in the annual application returned about ?3.12 while about ?2.13 was returned with the seasonal application (?125.00 is the equivalent of USD$1.00). The OPR and CS can serve as alternatives to water-soluble sources such as SSP.     

几种苹果矮化砧木的抗寒性研究

以71-3-150、GM256、SH6及M9 4种苹果(Malus)矮化砧木的1年生枝条为试材,进行-20℃、-25℃、-30℃、-35℃、-40℃低温处理,用电导法配合Logistic方程,求得拐点温度(LT50)即半致死温度,并对其电导率、可溶性蛋白含量和POD酶活性等指标进行了测定比较。结果表明:测得的电解质渗出率呈典型的S型曲线,与相应的低温呈极显著负相关;71-3-150、GM256、SH6及M9的半致死温度分别为-40.63℃、-39.29℃、-34.10℃、-30.10℃;抗寒性强的71-3-150和GM256能保持较高的可溶性蛋白含量和POD酶活性。