辣(甜)椒生育特性及光合成速度研究

本文对８份辣（甜）椒材料进行了生长特性、土壤溶液及叶片光合速率的测定,结果表明品种Ｍａｒｖｅｌ、Ｌｏｎｇ　ｒｅｕｓ－ｂａｔｌｌｅ表现为产量高、果实性状好;光合速率因品种、光照强度的不同而不同,品种Ｍａｊｏｒｃａｎ　ｇｏｌｄ在光照强度为１０００ｕｍｏｌ／ｍ２／ｓ时的光合速率最大;初步摸清了生育过程中土壤溶液的ＥＣ、ｐＨ及Ｋ＋、ＮＯ３浓度的变化趋势。     

A modified McIntyre and Phillip approach to measure top‐soil gas diffusivity in‐situ

The McIntyre and Phillip method yields the product of a gas‐diffusion coefficient (D_S) and the gas‐filled proportion of soil volume ε. Until now, ε had to be measured independently from soil cores in order to obtain D_S. To avoid soil sampling, we broke up chamber measurement results by means of an empirical relationship D_S= f(ε). In contrast to an exclusive use of such an empirical relationship, this approach is advantageous in that the site‐specific information concerning pore continuity is integrated into the result. Another modification involves the use of a non‐linear regression technique, which fits the unknown parameters of the mechanistic dilution function of the tracer gas to the measured values. In this way, the independent measurement of chamber clearance with a ruler could be replaced with an estimation based on the dilution function. We could then show, by means of a Monte Carlo simulation, that the exponential parameter of the dilution function contributes to the highest error of the diffusion coefficient estimation from the 6 input parameters. We then compared the results of the following methods at 6 sites. The methods included: (a) the approach described above, (b) the laboratory measurement on soil cores, and (c) the original McIntyre and Philip method. This method is a combination of in‐situ chamber measurement and laboratory measurement of the air‐filled soil fraction. We did not detect any significant differences in the means of our method (a) in any of the aforementioned cases, as well as in the laboratory measurement (b). Deviations between individual measurements could be attributed to differences in spatial integration. These deviations are a result of scale‐dependent spatial heterogeneity and thereby provide site‐specific information on soil structure.     

Pyrite oxidation in sediment samples from the German open‐cut brown coal mine Zwenkau: mineral formation and dissolution of silicates

Changes in mineral composition occurring in pyrite‐containing sediments under aerobic conditions are complex and not fully understood. The objective was to study the mineral formation and dissolution of silicates using ion activity product (IAP) calculations and x‐ray diffraction (XRD) on samples of different degrees of pyrite oxidation. Three sediment samples were obtained from the open‐cut brown coal mine of Zwenkau (Saxony, Germany) with low (ZL: 28 g kg^—1), medium (ZM: 67 g kg^—1) and high (ZH: 95 g kg^—1) pyrite contents. These samples were oxidized in the laboratory for 3, 20, 67, and 130 days to obtain four different degrees of pyrite oxidation for each sediment. Sequential batch experiments were carried out for each sediment and oxidation status. Additionally, cation exchange capacities were determined. XRD showed the formation of gypsum (all sediments), jarosite (ZM, ZH), and rozenite (ZH) with increasing pyrite oxidation. IAP calculations suggested an occurrence of gypsum in all samples, of schwertmannite in slightly (ZH) and moderately oxidized (ZM, ZL) samples, and of alunite in a moderately oxidized sample (ZL). The contents of feldspar (ZL), mica/illite (ZL, ZH), and kaolinite (ZH) decreased with increasing pyrite oxidation. The cation exchange capacities of the sediments decreased by 20 (ZH) to 70 mmol_c kg^—1 (ZM). The change in mineral phases with increasing oxidation status of the sediments also changed the activities of Al, Fe, and SO₄ in solution phases. The results obtained in this study suggested the usefulness of predictive models to estimate sediment and water acidification due to pyrite oxidation.     

Effect of wood ash on soil chemistry of a pine stand in Northern Germany

Addition of wood ash to acid soils will affect the soil chemistry of forests in a number of ways which were assessed for a pine stand in northern Germany. A field experiment was carried out in a fifty‐year old pine stand on a sandy Podzol at Fuhrberg (Lüneburger Heide, Lower Saxony/Germany) which involved depositing wood ash (2.4 t ha^—1) on the surface. Soil solution chemistry was investigated monthly at different depths for 24 months. Prior to and 19 months after the ash addition, exchangeable cations and amounts of heavy metals were determined at different depths. Two to four months after addition of wood ash, maximum mean concentrations in the soil solution of Ca were 240 μmol l^—1 at 0 cm (surface of mineral soil) and 100 μmol l^—1 at 100 cm and of K 980 μmol l^—1 and 140 μmol l^—1, respectively. The pH values in soil solutions dropped temporarily by 0.3 units at 0 and 10 cm depth. Nitrate concentrations increased at all depths and maximum mean concentration was 230 μmol l^—1 at 100 cm. Concentrations of Pb and Cr in soil solution did not change significantly (p < 0.05) after ash addition. Concentrations of Cd and Zn increased significantly at some depths but stayed well below the legal limit for drinking water and below the limits given by the German recommendation for soil conservation. Nineteen months after ash addition, the cation exchange capacity (corrected for the release of cations from the ash) of the upper 6 cm of the organic layer was almost doubled and amounts of exchangeable Ca and Mg increased significantly in the upper 8 cm of the organic layer. Amounts of Zn were increased in the entire organic layer, but changes were significant only in the upper 4 cm. The results of this study suggest that ash from untreated wood (using modest additions) may be recommended for amelioration of forest soils.     

Effects of growing roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) on rhizosphere soil solution chemistry

The chemical conditions of the rhizosphere can be very different from that of bulk soil. Up to now, little attention has been given to the problem of spatial heterogeneity and temporal dynamics of rhizosphere soil solution and little is known about the influence of different tree species on rhizosphere chemistry. In the present study, we used micro suction cups to collect soil solution from the rhizosphere of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seedlings in high spatial resolution and capillary electrophoresis for the determination of major cations and anions. The results indicate, that in a soil with a base saturation of about 20—25% and a pH of 6.5, growing roots of beech and spruce lower the concentrations of nutrient cations and nitrate in the rhizosphere soil solution and decrease significantly the pH. The H⁺ release leads to an enhanced mineral weathering as indicated by an increase of CEC and base saturation and to a mobilization of soluble Al, however, on a very low concentration level. In our experiment rhizosphere effects of spruce have been more pronounced than those of beech, indicating, that with respect to below ground activity young spruce trees have a better competitive power than beech.     

玉米蛋白粉制备玉米肽脱脂及水解工艺研究

利用碳酸钠对玉米蛋白粉进行预处理,以脱脂率为判断标准,确定玉米蛋白粉最佳预处理工艺参数为碳酸钠质量浓度为40 g/L,添加量为16 mL/g,40℃下浸泡10 min。以处理后的玉米蛋白粉为原料,用邻苯三酚自氧化法比较不同水解度玉米肽抗氧化性强弱,确定每克玉米蛋白粉最佳水解条件为50℃,pH 8.0条件下以0.06 mL碱性蛋白酶催化水解4 h,可获得30%水解度的玉米肽液体产品。     

不同营养液对水培桉树采穗条生长发育的影响

桉树(Eucalyptus)已经成为我国南方发展速生丰产林的战略性树种(谢耀坚,2003).据不完全统计我国现有桉树人工林总面积已经达到190万hm2,每年新造林面积达几十万公顷,需要培育大量的优质苗木以满足桉树生产的需要(谢耀坚,2006).目前桉树造林70%以上采用扦插苗,少量用组培苗,极少用种子苗.传统的大田采穗圃是将优良无性系组培苗(生产上叫母苗)种植在大田上土壤中,不断地修剪和采穗,以繁殖扦插苗.     

不同营养液配方对红葱生长及品质影响

研究4个营养液配方对红葱生长及营养品质的影响,结果发现:在水培条件下,从栽种开始前40d红葱生长主要是茎叶生长,40d~55d分蘖数急剧增加,茎叶生长量也继续增加;栽种前40d内配方T4较好,红葱产量较高,可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、Vc含量高,硝酸盐含量最低。生产上可采用配方T4,并及时采收产品。     

Bt与乙酰甲胺磷混配药效之时间动力强度

组建了Bt和乙酰甲胺磷两类不同性质、不同LT50 剂量母液配对的类群A和B(以下简称A群和B群),其配对母液LT50的大小,前者均为"乙酰甲胺磷＜Bt",后者均为"乙酰甲胺磷＞Bt"。以小菜蛾Plutella xylostella Linnaeus为试虫对两类群的系列体积混配组合逐一进行室内毒力测定,按同一死亡率观察时段范围,计算每一LT-p线所涉及的梯形面积,并将该面积定义为药效,亦即药剂致死作用的时间动力强度;以该面积的大小作为量化指标,再引申出计算动力增强系数Ⅰ和Ⅱ,运用于试验结果的药效分析。同时与其他不同药效量化评价方法进行了比较。结果表明:①在配对性质不同的类群A和B中,不同配对系列混配组合筛选出的"优良配比"数目不同。如A群有关配对的9个混配组合中,属于"优良配比"的一般仅在2个以下,而在B群内一般可达4~7个,表明B群的配对优于A群。② 配对的优越性与母液间LT50值的合理搭配有关。如配对 67.3/792.5 和43.6/473.1,其LT50的差异明显较大,致使动力增强系数Ⅱ较小,仅为73.5和 90.4;而LT50差异明显较小、或较适宜的配对80.57/90.36和23.76/45.31,其动力增强系数Ⅱ则较大,分别达110.3和101.8。     

牛羊蹄碱液浸泡脱毛技术的研究

通过正交试验探讨牛羊蹄碱液浸泡脱毛的最佳方案。结果表明：采用２．５％的ＮａＯＨ,在２０℃的条件下浸泡６０ｈ,牛蹄的脱毛效果最好,采用２．０％浓度的柠檬酸中和１２ｈ,可达到理想中和效果：采用１．５％的ＮａＯＨ,在２０℃条件下浸泡４８ｈ,羊蹄毛效果最佳,采用０．５％的柠檬酸中和１２ｈ,中和效果理想。