Effects of fasting and refeeding on plasma concentrations of leptin, ghrelin, insulin, growth hormone and metabolites in swine

The effects of nutritional status, such as fasting and refeeding, on leptin and ghrelin secretion in swine were examined. The swine (n = 4) were fasted for 54 h and plasma hormone levels were measured before, during and after fasting. Plasma leptin and insulin concentrations began to decrease 12 and 6 h into the fasting period, respectively (P < 0.05), and maintained a low level for the remaining period of fasting. Plasma leptin and insulin returned to the pre‐fasting value 6 and 12 h after refeeding, respectively. Plasma ghrelin concentrations showed a nocturnal periodicity during the fasting period; it increased nocturnally at 36 and 42 h into the fasting period (P < 0.05). Plasma growth hormone levels did not show any remarkable changes during the fasting. Plasma glucose levels showed a modest fall during fasting and significantly decreased (P < 0.05) at 24 h into the fasting period, returning to pre‐fasting levels after refeeding. Plasma nonesterified fatty acid levels increased (P < 0.05) at 12 h into the fasting period and returned to the pre‐fasting level 6 h after refeeding. These results indicate that plasma leptin, insulin and ghrelin play an important role in maintaining energy homeostasis in swine. The plasma ghrelin did not continuously increase, but showed nocturnal periodicity during fasting. This may suggest that ghrelin is also involved in physiological processes other than energy homeostasis.     

饥饿对大口黑鲈消化器官、蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力的影响

对饥饿和饥饿后投喂的大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力及消化组织的变化进行了研究,饥饿周期为30d。饥饿对大口黑鲈消化道指数的影响为肝体比从试验的第3天开始明显下降(P<0.05),第20天开始保持稳定水平(P>0.05);幽门盲囊重与体重比先上升后下降;胃重与体重比始终呈上升趋势(P<0.05);肠重与体重比在第10天开始保持稳定水平(P>0.05);肠长与体长比呈上升趋势(P<0.05)。饥饿对蛋白酶活力影响为从开始到第3天胃蛋白酶活力上升,第10天开始下降;幽门盲囊蛋白酶活力在第10天之后持续下降(P<0.05);肠道蛋白酶活力一直呈下降趋势。饥饿对淀粉酶活力影响为肝脏淀粉酶活力、胃淀粉酶活力和幽门盲囊淀粉酶活力均呈下降趋势(P<0.05);肠道淀粉酶活力第10天之后即稳定在低水平(P>0.05)。饥饿后摄食对蛋白酶活力和淀粉酶活力的影响为饥饿后摄食蛋白酶活力和淀粉酶活力均呈上升趋势,上升的速度在不同组织有差异,在恢复摄食后的第10天基本达到正常水平。     

Growth performance, body composition and plasma thyroid hormone status of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in response to short-term feed deprivation and refeeding

A 6-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of short-term feed deprivation on inducing compensatory growth and changes in thyroid hormone levels of channel catfish. Feeding treatments consisted of the following four regimes of 2-week duration: satiate feeding (control), no feed for 3 days then feeding to apparent satiation for the next 11 days, no feed for 5 days then feeding to apparent satiation for 9 days, and no feed for 7 days then feeding to apparent satiation for 7 days. These regimes were repeated three times over the 6-week trial in which 25 channel catfish fingerlings, initially averaging 15 g each, were stocked into each of 12, 38-l glass aquaria supplied with supplemental aeration and flow-through water. Depriving fish of feed had a pronounced effect in that fish lost weight in as little as 3 days. Returning the fish to a satiate feeding regime caused a resumption of growth, equal to control growth only in the case of the 3-day deprived treatment, but all periods of feed deprivation failed to induce a period of catch-up growth adequate to compensate for previously lost weight. Feed efficiency also was not improved by the periods of feed deprivation, and restricting feed in excess of 3 days lowered feed efficiency. Fish condition indices were not altered at the termination of the trial. Muscle lipid, muscle protein and liver protein also were not different among feeding regimes. Liver lipid was elevated in fish deprived of feed for more than 3 days every 2 weeks. Plasma thyroxine (T₄) and triiodothyronine (T₃) were equally depressed by 3 days from the onset of feed deprivation. Both hormones rose significantly within 24 h of realimentation, with the greatest increase observed in animals subjected to the briefest feed deprivation. These results support a role for thyroid hormones in the promotion of growth in channel catfish. Whereas feed deprivation appears to rapidly reduce activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis, the high correlation observed between T₄ and T₃ in all treatments suggests that peripheral deiodinating systems are capable of rapidly generating T₃ from T₄ upon realimentation. More rapid recovery of thyroid hormone production following realimentation may minimize the effects of feed deprivation on growth and feed efficiency of fish subjected to the 3-day deprivation treatment when compared to longer periods.     

饥饿与恢复投喂对红鳍笛鲷血液生化指标的影响

对红鳍笛鲷(Lutjanus erythopterus)进行不同时间的饥饿处理后恢复投喂，研究其血液生化指标的变化。结果表明饥饿4周后，血糖、血脂含量均下降，而血蛋白含量则维持较恒定的水平。其中，血糖含量在饥饿第1周后就显著降低，而血脂含量在饥饿第2周后显著下降，二者下降趋势均持续到饥饿第4周。恢复投喂8周后，血糖、血脂含量均上升，血蛋白含量仍保持较恒定的水平。其中，血糖、血脂分量在恢复投喂8周舌均恢复到对照组水平。     

饥饿和再投喂对点带石斑鱼幼鱼生长、生化组成和行为的影响

以点带石斑鱼幼鱼为试验动物,进行短期饥饿和再投喂对其生长、生化组成及行为的影响试验。对照组(S0)持续投喂30 d,饥饿组S2、S4、S6、S8和S10分别饥饿2 d、4 d、6 d、8 d和10 d后再分别恢复投喂28 d、26 d、24 d、22 d和20 d,试验设3平行。结果表明:随着饥饿时间的延长,点带石斑鱼幼鱼全长、湿重、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、糖类的含量和能值均逐渐减少,粗蛋白、粗脂肪和糖类的相对损失率顺序为糖类>粗脂肪>粗蛋白。再投喂后,S2湿重超过S0(P>0.05);各试验组粗蛋白含量除S10外,均与S0差异不显著(P>0.05);S2粗脂肪含量超过S0组,且差异显著(P<0.05),S4粗脂肪含量与S0组差异不显著(P>0.05);S2糖类含量达到了S0组(P>0.05)。再投喂期间,粗蛋白、粗脂肪和糖类的相对增加率顺序为粗脂肪>糖类>粗蛋白。粗蛋白、粗脂肪、糖类的质量分数和能值的变化与饥饿时间呈负相关关系,与再投喂时间呈正相关关系;粗蛋白、粗脂肪和糖类的质量分数变化与能值呈正相关关系;认为蛋白质是影响点带石斑鱼幼鱼肌肉能值变化的主要的含能物质。饥饿幼鱼行为变化表现为集群觅食、反应迟钝和外部形态变化并均匀静伏底。     

饥饿和恢复投喂对翘嘴鲌幼鱼摄食、生长及体成分的影响

研究了在20.3~24.8℃条件下分别饥饿0 d、4 d、8 d、12 d和16 d后恢复投喂16 d对翘嘴鲌(Culter al-burnus)幼鱼摄食、生长及体成分的影响。结果显示:随着饥饿时间延长,幼鱼体质量损失率显著增大;肝体指数变小,水分和灰分含量逐渐升高;粗脂肪含量在饥饿前期下降较快,饥饿后期下降速率降低,各饥饿组与对照组差异显著(P<0.05);粗蛋白含量饥饿前期下降缓慢,饥饿4 d、8 d组与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),饥饿后期下降明显,饥饿12 d、16 d组与对照组有显著差异(P<0.05);比能值不断下降,除饥饿4 d组外,各饥饿组与对照组都有显著差异(P<0.05)。恢复投喂后,各饥饿组鱼体生化组成和鱼体比能值均恢复至对照组水平,恢复投喂期间各饥饿处理组的摄食率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结果表明:饥饿4 d、8 d组翘嘴鲌幼鱼具有完全补偿生长能力;饥饿12 d、16 d幼鱼仅有部分补偿生长能力。