“旅游产品无形性”质疑

旅游产品是服务占较大比例的产品 ,学术界将“无形性”列为旅游产品第一大特性 ,笔者就此问题提出质疑。本文首先从旅游产品涵义入手 ,分析了“旅游产品无形性”理论的由来 ,然后对学术界认可的两类旅游产品构成理论进行剖析 ,由此得出旅游产品并非无形 ,它是一种以无形为主 ,兼有有形性的特殊产品。最后分析了由“旅游产品无形性”理论指导实践所带来的危害。     

体验经济与内蒙古草原旅游开发

本文通过捕捉近年来消费情况的变化 ,认为应对体验经济引起重视。在介绍体验经济的提出 ,体验的概念和体验的组成部分的基础上 ,提出体验经济对旅游具有创造差异化竞争优势、准确把握市场、使旅游者更舒适愉悦等意义 ,并在体验经济理论下结合内蒙古草原旅游的实际情况 ,提出内蒙古草原的体验设计和营销策略     

农民旅游市场开发浅议

近几年 ,我国国内旅游发展迅速 ,城镇居民旅游市场日益成熟 ,无论出游人口还是旅游花费都明显增加 ,但农民旅游市场却没有得到应有的重视 ,旅游供给严重不足。鉴于农民旅游的重要地位 ,本文分析了当前农民旅游特征及其发展潜力 ,在此基础上尝试性地提出了开拓农民旅游市场的几点措施建议。     

Genetic diversity and historic introgression in German Angler and Red Dual Purpose cattle and possibilities to reverse introgression

Recovering native uniqueness has major importance for breeds with historic introgression. The aim of the study was to estimate population genetic parameters for two local red cattle breeds from Northern Germany and to study possibilities to reverse introgression. Genealogical information consisted of 90,783 individuals for German Angler and 187,255 individuals for Red Dual-Purpose cattle breed, with additional information on sex, born, breed, status, and conventional breeding values. It is concluded that the native genetic contribution could be included as an additional trait in the total merit index in order to recover a part of the native genetic background. Native contributions should be estimated in the long term from marker data in order to account for Mendelian sampling. The maintenance of a sufficient genetic diversity of native alleles can be achieved by an advanced OCS with appropriate constraints.     

红三叶遗传图谱构建及抗白粉病基因QTL定位

本研究以感(岷山红三叶)、抗(澳大利亚红三叶品种♀Sensation×Renegade♂杂交新品系“甘农PR1”)白粉病红三叶材料为父母本杂交并种植成苗经人工接菌后筛选出抗、感白粉病的F₁群体为作图群体,利用AFLP标记构建红三叶高密度遗传图谱,并利用区间作图法对抗白粉病QTL进行了定位分析,可以为红三叶抗白粉病基因克隆和转基因等分子辅助育种奠定基础。结果表明,149个AFLP标记构建得到的遗传图谱包含7个连锁群(LG1,LG2,LG3,LG4,LG5,LG6和LG7),遗传图谱的总距离为640.5 cM。其中,LG1连锁群的遗传距离(140.6 cM)和标记间平均距离(9.4 cM)均最大;LG4连锁群的遗传距离(55.2 cM)和标记间平均距离(1.8 cM)最小。应用区间作图法对红三叶抗白粉病基因进行QTL分析定位,共检测到5个抗白粉病相关QTL位点(qrp-1,qrp-2,qrp-3,qrp-4和qrp-5),其中qrp-1、qrp-2、qrp-3和qrp-4位于LG4连锁群上,qrp-5位于LG5连锁群上。5个QTL位点对抗白粉病的贡献率为29%~90%,qrp-1对红三叶白粉病抗性的贡献率最大(90%),为主效QTL。     

Pharmacokinetics of articaine hydrochloride and its metabolite articainic acid after subcutaneous administration in red deer (Cervus elaphus)

AIM: To develop and validate a simple and sensitive method using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for quantification of articaine, and its major metabolite articainic acid, in plasma of red deer (Cervus elaphus), and to investigate the pharmacokinetics of articaine hydrochloride and articainic acid in red deer following S/C administration of articaine hydrochloride as a complete ring block around the antler pedicle.

METHODS: The LC-MS method was validated by determining linearity, sensitivity, recovery, carry-over and repeatability. Articaine hydrochloride (40?mg/mL) was administered S/C to six healthy male red deer, at a dose of 1?mL/cm of pedicle circumference, as a complete ring block around the base of each antler. Blood samples were collected at various times over the following 12 hours. Concentrations in plasma of articaine and articainic acid were quantified using the validated LC-MS method. Pharmacokinetic parameters of articaine and articainic acid were estimated using non-compartmental analysis.

RESULTS: Calibration curves were linear for both articaine and articainic acid. The limits of quantifications for articaine and articainic acid were 5 and 10?ng/mL, respectively. Extraction recoveries were >72% for articaine and >68% for articainic acid. After S/C administration as a ring block around the base of each antler, mean maximum concentrations in plasma (C_max) of articaine were 1,013.9 (SD 510.1) ng/mL, detected at 0.17 (SD 0.00) hours, and the C_max for articainic acid was 762.6 (SD 95.4) ng/mL at 0.50 (SD 0.00) hours. The elimination half-lives of articaine hydrochloride and articainic acid were 1.12 (SD 0.17) and 0.90 (SD 0.07) hours, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The LC-MS method used for the quantification of articaine and its metabolite articainic acid in the plasma of red deer was simple, accurate and sensitive. Articaine hydrochloride was rapidly absorbed, hydrolysed to its inactive metabolite articainic acid, and eliminated following S/C administration as a ring block in red deer. These favourable pharmacokinetic properties suggest that articaine hydrochloride should be tested for efficacy as a local anaesthetic in red deer for removal of velvet antlers. Further studies to evaluate the safety and residues of articaine hydrochloride and articainic acid are required before articaine can be recommended for use as a local anaesthetic for this purpose.     

Gas and short‐chain fatty acid production from feeds commonly fed to red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) and incubated with rumen inoculum from red deer and sheep

Efficient red deer supplementary feeding depends on estimations of the nutritive value of offered feeds, frequently estimated with the use of equations derived from domestic ruminants. The aim of this study was to compare the 24‐hour in vitro true dry matter degradability (ivTD₂₄), in vitro gas production (GP) kinetic parameters, GP in 24 hr of incubation (GAS₂₄) and short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) and microbial biomass (MBS) produced after 24‐hour incubation of feeds in inoculum prepared from sheep and red deer rumen fluid. Eleven feeds, frequently consumed by red deer in Slovenia, which occur either naturally (two fresh grasses, chestnut fruits and common and sessile oak acorns) or are fed as winter supplemental feeds (two grass hays, two grass silages, apple pomace, fresh sugar beetroot), were investigated. The in vitro GP kinetic parameters, GAS₂₄ and ivTD₂₄, did not differ between animal species. Amounts of SCFAs were greater (p < 0.05) when feeds were incubated in sheep inoculum, while molar proportions of acetic and propionic acids did not differ. Molar proportions of butyric acid produced during incubation of high fibre feeds did not differ between animal species, but were higher (p < 0.05) when feeds high in starch or sugar were incubated in red deer inoculum. Greater production of SCFA by sheep rumen microbes suggests better coverage of host animal with energy precursors, while greater production of MBS by red deer rumen microbes suggests better coverage of host animal with protein. Results also suggest that rumens of sheep and red deer are inhabited by different microbial communities, which did not affect the extent of in vitro GP and degradation of feeds used in the present experiment. However, the possibility exists that the divergent nutrient use could be a consequence of different priming by different feeds of the donor animal diets.     

不同温度处理下水稻高光谱及红边特征分析

通过田间试验,测定了3个温度处理下2个品种的水稻冠层不同生育期高光谱反射率及水稻叶片叶绿素含量等生物物理参数,对水稻叶绿素浓度与温度进行了相关分析,并对不同生育期不同温度处理下水稻冠层光谱的变化规律及红边特征进行了对比.结果表明:叶绿素浓度随温度升高而下降,水稻均在孕穗期近红外肩区的反射率达到最大,其反射率随温度胁迫的加深而下降,但晚上增温情形除外.国稻6号(杂交稻)在不同生育期不同温度处理下的光谱曲线差异比武运粳7号(粳稻)明显.国稻6号在抽穗期红边面积和红边幅值达最大值,在孕穗期红边位置达最大值;除晚上增温情形外,武运粳7号在孕穗期3个红边参数达最大值,受高温胁迫后,红边位置向短波方向移动.     

浙西南红黄壤果园杂草种群消长动态及生态位的研究

调查了浙西南红黄壤果园杂草种类、高度、密度.结果表明,共有杂草80种,隶属27科.杂草数量最多的为禾本科,占杂草总数的25.0%;其次是菊科,占杂草总数的13.8%;杂草种类出现最多月份,是3月份,该月有23种杂草出现,有66.7%主要杂草年生长时间超过6个月.同一季节的杂草生态位重叠值较大,时间生态位重叠值最大的为马唐(Digitaria ischaemum)和铁苋菜(Herba acalyphae),垂直生态位重叠值最大的为马唐和铁苋菜(0.910).垂直生态位和时间生态位宽度最大的均为小飞蓬(Conyza canadensis),水平生态位宽度最大的为马唐,综合生态位宽度最大的为马唐.不同季节杂草优势种不同,冬春季果园杂草优势种为早熟禾(Poa annua)、猪殃殃(Galiumaparine)、看麦娘(Alopecuurus aequalis)、牛繁缕(Malachium aquaticum)、婆婆纳(Veronica didyma)、马唐;夏秋季果园杂草优势种为马唐、铁苋菜、牛筋草(Eleusine indica)、小飞蓬、旱稗(Echinochloa crusgalli).     

几种经济红藻中茉莉酸合成途径的关键物质

为研究几种经济红藻中茉莉酸合成途径的关键物质,实验采用液相色谱—质谱联用技术(LC-MS)对茉莉酸生物合成途径相关物质建立检测方法,并对龙须菜、坛紫菜受到机械损伤时各物质的变化情况进行检测。以100%甲醇提取茉莉酸(JA)、茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)、12-氧-植物二烯酸(12-OPDA)和13-氢过氧化亚麻酸(13-HpOTE),利用XBridge TM C18色谱柱,以甲醇/水为流动相分离4种物质。优化条件下4种物质得到良好分离,加标回收率为81.23%～90.25%,检测限为0.04～0.56 ng/mL,灵敏度高。坛紫菜、龙须菜和真江蓠3种红藻中,坛紫菜中未检测到JA和13-HpOTE,4种物质均在另外2种藻中检测到。龙须菜受机械损伤胁迫后,4种物质在短时间内得到积累,其中13-HpOTE响应迅速。研究表明,红藻中可能存在类似于植物的茉莉酸合成途径,并参与对损伤的胁迫响应。