Sustainable agriculture evaluation model for red soil hill region of southeast China

Agricultural sustainability for economic development is important and a complex issue throughout the world; however,it is difficult to synthetically evaluate its use in the policy making process. The objective of this study was to evaluate sustainable agriculture in the red soil hill region of Southeast China through a newly proposed method combining four separate sub-systems: regional population (P), resource (R), environmental (E), and socio-economic (S). This new index system was proposed to appraise synthetically the agricultural sustainability of the red soil hill region from 1988 to 1996 with a two-step method assessing: a) the agricultural sustainability in each province independently and b) the relative sustainability of each province to the whole region. The first step only provided a development trend for each province based on its original situation, while the second step provided additional information on the comparative status of each province in agricultural development to the region as a whole. Higher index scores were found for the economy and resource categories denoting improvement. However, lower scores in the environment category indicated the improvement was achieved at the cost of deteriorating ecological surroundings due to an increasing population that demanded more from the agro-ecosystem and put heavier pressures on it. Results also showed that water and soil losses in this region were the major obstacles encountered in sustainable agriculture development. The assessment results were verified when compared with results from another method. This suggested that the new assessment system was reliable and credible in evaluating agricultural sustainability on a regional scale.     

红壤坡地雨水产流及其土壤流失的垫面反应

通过4年(1998～2001年)径流场定位观测研究,探明了不同植被垫面雨水产流过程中系统水土流失有显著性差异。水流失量为农作区>常绿灌木区、针叶林区>常绿果园区>退化区、恢复区。坡地不同垫面间雨水地表径流的差异存在,为坡地雨水利用和利用坡地集雨支持农田灌溉提供了依据和可调控性。土壤流失量受人为干预、耕作强度的影响很大,坡地从自然保护到作物栽培,系统的土壤流失量提高20倍。茶果林地的土壤流失低于作物耕种的2～3倍,而高于自然利用和自然保护的6～12倍。养分流失在数量和质量上皆取决于垫面构成。提出了利用坡地集雨优势,构建与单元生态系统水循环平衡相适应的坡地农林复合生态系统,并通过水平衡生态建设来维系生态系统的水分平衡。     

坡地赤红壤不同利用模式对土壤磷和酶的影响

试验采用广东东莞花岗岩发育的坡地赤红壤为样品进行研究表明 :在坡地赤红壤的 4种利用模式中 ,旱地种植花生 ,荔枝可以有效地改善土壤的酸性 ,提高土壤肥力 ;提高土壤Al-P和Fe -P的含量 ,减少O -P的所占的比例 ,提高坡地赤红壤磷酸盐的有效性 ;增加土壤表层的脲酶和蛋白酶的活性 ,可能使土壤的磷酸酶的活性降低     

中国东南部红壤地区不同植被对土壤侵蚀和土壤养分的影响

The effect of different vegetation systems including bamboo plantation (BP), forest ecosystem (CF), citrus orchard (Ctr) and farmland (FL) on erosion and nutrients of red soil were investigated in hilly region of southeastern China to find effective control measures for soil erosion. The results showed that all the vegetation systems could significantly reduce soil erosion and nutrient losses compared to bare land (Br). The ability of different vegetation systems to conserve soil and water was in the order of Ctr > BP > CF > FL > Br. Vegetation could also improve soil fertility. The soil organic matter, total N and total P contents were much higher in all the vegetation systems than in bare land, especially for the top soils. Vegetation systems improved soil physical properties remarkably. Compared to the bare land, soil organic matter, TP, TK and available K, especially soil microbial biomass C, N and P, increased under all the vegetation covers. However, they were still much lower than expected, thus these biological measurements are still needed to be carried out continuously.     

解冻损失约束下罗非鱼冻结效率控制参数优化研究

速冻方式不同对鱼肉温降速率、均匀性以及解冻后品质的影响不同,最佳速冻方式选取已成为行业内提升鱼类速冻效率与维持鱼肉品质的主要方式之一。以罗非鱼为例,结合3D扫描逆向建模与计算流体力学数值模拟等技术直观获取冷风式速冻、氯化钠和氯化钙浸渍速冻方式下罗非鱼温度时空分布规律,并通过与实验值比较验证模拟结果的准确性与可靠性,综合对比分析不同速冻方式对罗非鱼冻结速率、均匀性以及水分流失的影响规律,确定最佳速冻方式并提出优化设计方案。研究结果表明,温度模拟值与实测值最大偏差为1.81℃,最大均方根误差与平均绝对百分比误差分别为1.017℃、18.9%,且冻结过程罗非鱼温度降至-15℃时,3种速冻方式所需冻结时间模拟值与实测值最大相对偏差仅为6.89%。其次,氯化钠和氯化钙两种浸渍速冻方式下罗非鱼冻结速率基本相同,相比冷风式速冻冻结时间约降低73%,冻结均匀性提升10~40倍。两种浸渍速冻方式下罗非鱼解冻后水分流失率仅为3.89%和3.92%,分别比冷风式速冻方式降低10.37%和9.68%左右。最后,提出了一种氯化钠液流化速冻方式优化方案,通过综合考虑冻结速率、均匀性及能耗确定最佳流速为2.5m/s,且相比鱼体头朝入口水平放置与竖直放置,鱼体背朝入口水平摆放方式的冻结效率最优。     

红边与短波红外谱段玉米大豆识别能力研究

[目的]研究旨在挖掘红边、短波红外谱段对玉米大豆识别精度的提升程度,发现分辨率和谱段对作物识别的综合影响规律。[方法]采用德国Rapideye和美国Landsat-OLI数据,基于最大似然监督分类的方法,针对玉米、大豆、其他等3种地物类型。[结果]结果表明,与仅有蓝、绿、红、近红外波段相比,增加红边后总体分类精度从73.1%提高到80.5%。与仅有气溶胶、蓝、绿、红、近红波段相比,增加1个短波红外波段后,总体分类精度从72.9%提高到75.4%。[结论]中分辨率多时相数据能够弥补由于缺少短波红外、降低空间分辨率造成的识别精度的下降。     

生物质炭配施有机肥对旱地红壤酶活性及其微生物群落组成的影响

研究生物质炭配施有机肥对旱地的土壤养分的影响,可为旱地农作物的土壤改良提供理论依据。针对中亚热带第四纪红黏土发育的旱地红壤,本研究通过室内培养试验,向土壤中施用生物质炭配施有机肥,探索土壤微生物生物量碳和氮(MBC、MBN)、酶活性（脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶）和微生物群落组成的变化。试验共设置5种处理,分别为对照(CK,0 g/kg)、水稻生物质炭配施有机肥(RM,50 g/kg)、玉米生物质炭配施有机肥(CM,50 g/kg)、小麦生物质炭配施有机肥(WM,50 g/kg)和单施有机肥(M,40 g/kg)。为尽量消除误差,试验数据采用归一化处理,即实测值减CK值后除以各处理所添加的C、N量。结果表明：生物质炭配施有机肥(RM、CM、WM)处理均显著降低了旱地红壤MBC、MBN含量、脲酶活性和总PLFAs量,以WM处理的降幅最大,降幅分别是单施有机肥（M处理）的33.89%、69.03%、47.62%和23.30%;RM处理显著提高了蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性,升幅分别是M处理的91.49%和28.94%。相比单施有机肥,生物质炭配施有机肥降低了土壤总PLFAs含量（平均为-16.89%）、真菌PLFA (-38.17%)、土壤真菌PLFA/细菌PLFA比值(F/B)(-40.63%)和土壤革兰氏阴性菌PLFA/革兰氏阳性菌PLFA比值(G^-/G⁺)(-4.3%),而提高了土壤细菌PLFA (+5.18%)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(+0.38%)和土壤细菌压力指数(BSI,+11%)。主成分分析表明RM处理与其他处理之间差异较大。综之,不同物料生物质炭配施有机肥引起土壤微生物量、酶活性和微生物群落组成的变化差异较大,其中影响最大的是水稻生物质炭配施有机肥处理,可为温室气体减排提供参考。     

甲基红-溴百里酚蓝新鲜度指示标签在果蔬保鲜上的应用

随着生鲜电子商务新业态的发展以及市场对保鲜包装功能要求的提高,制备能够直观表达果蔬新鲜度的指示标签具有重大意义。将甲基红与溴百里酚蓝以体积比3∶2混合作指示剂,以增塑剂聚乙二醇-6000、粘合剂甲基纤维素作成膜基质,制备基于pH值变化的果蔬新鲜度指示标签,并研究其在草莓、生菜包装上的新鲜度指示效果。结果表明：随着贮藏时间的延长,果蔬包装内CO2体积分数不断上升,pH值不断下降;所制备的4种指示标签的颜色均发生变化,其中标签3（50 mL/L甲基红-溴百里酚蓝混合指示剂）和标签4（70 mL/L甲基红-溴百里酚蓝混合指示剂）的颜色变化范围最广,涵盖绿色、黄绿色、橙色和红色4个色系,且标签3的色差值?驻E与果蔬的新鲜度感官评分的拟合度最高（R2=0.834 6）。因此,50 mL/L的甲基红-溴百里酚蓝新鲜度指示标签的指示效果最好。     

种植水稻和长期施用无机肥对红壤氨氧化细菌多样性和硝化作用的影响

以中国科学院红壤生态试验站发育于第四纪红黏土的植稻红壤为研究对象,研究了长期种植水稻和施用无机肥对土壤β-变形杆菌纲中氨氧化细菌多样性和硝化作用的影响。原始红壤改种水稻13年后,氨氧化细菌16SrDNA的DGGE条带数量增加,条带谱与原始红壤的差异较大,相似性为61%,说明种植水稻后土壤氨氧化细菌群落结构发生了变化。PCR-DGGE方法研究结果也显示,长期施用无机氮肥的处理(NP、NPK和NK),DGGE带谱相似性较高,达到73%,硝化率和硝化势均高于未施用氮肥的处理。逐步回归分析显示硝化率和硝化势均随着土壤脲酶活性的提高而显著增加。推测尿素可提高土壤水解氮含量,使土壤脲酶活性提高,促进硝化细菌的生长,进而提高硝化率和硝化势。     

不同利用方式红壤坡地土壤水分分配及水肥流失研究

研究南方红壤坡地3种典型利用方式（休闲荒地、常规农作和茶园）的土壤水分分布特征及水肥流失情况。结果表明:①不同土地利用方式下的土壤水分含量变化与降雨量变化密切相关,土壤水分含量高低顺序为休闲荒地>茶园>常规农作。②常规农作产流不稳定,产流量明显高于休闲荒地和茶园,休闲荒地和茶园的产流无差异。③随径流损失的养分以氮素损失为主,养分损失量高低顺序为:常规农作>茶园>休闲荒地。从涵养水源、水土保持及经济效益综合考虑,南方红壤坡地利用以茶园利用为宜。