Generation of mouse monoclonal antibodies specific to tilapia immunoglobulin using fish immunoglobulin/BSA complex for monitoring of the immune response in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus

The simple immunoprecipitation method was used to isolate tilapia immunoglobulin (Ig) for immunization in order to produce monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific to tilapia Ig. First, the tilapia antiserum against bovine serum albumin (BSA) was prepared by peritoneal injection of BSA into tilapia, and the tilapia anti‐BSA antiserum was used to precipitate BSA to form the Ig/BSA immune complex. The Ig/BSA immune complex was then injected into Swiss mice for hybridoma production. After fusion, three hybridoma clones producing MAbs specific to the tilapia antibody were selected by dot blot and Western blot. All MAbs (101A, 59G, and 11A) were bound specifically to the heavy chain of immunoglobulin M (IgM). The MAbs 101A and 59G demonstrated twofold higher affinity than MAb 11A and the commercialized antibody. However, MAbs 11A could also bind to the heavy chain of IgM in Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer, as well. These MAbs can be used to monitor the immune responses of individual fish by indirect ELISA upon exposure to various antigens.     

Relationship Between Dietary Protein Source and Feeding Frequency During Feeding Nile Tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus (L.) Cultured in Concrete Tanks

ABSTRACT

A 24-week feeding trial was conducted in concrete tanks with Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) with an average initial weight and length of 50.87 ± 6.03 g and 14.4 ± 0.45 cm, respectively, to examine the effect of two protein sources and two feeding frequencies on growth performance, production traits, and body composition. Twelve 4 m³ concrete tanks (2 × 2 × 1.25 m, long, width, and height) were each stocked with 100 fish and fed diets containing either fish meal protein or soybean meal protein at two feeding frequency of two times daily or four times daily (2 × 2 × 3 factorial experiment). The results revealed that there was no significant effect of dietary protein sources on growth rate, whereas there was a significant increase in growth rate with increasing feeding frequency (P < 0.05). The same trend was also observed for mean body weight (g), production rate (kg/m3), specific growth rate (SGR % day^?1). The best final mean body weight (g), specific growth rate (SGR % day^?1), and production rate (kg/m3) were recorded in groups of fish fed with feeding frequency four times daily. Whole fish moisture, protein, fat, and ash contents were significantly influenced (P ≤ 0.05) by protein sources and feeding frequency, except protein not influenced with feeding frequency. Energy was significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by feeding frequency, but not by dietary protein sources. Economic evaluation indicated that soybean meal (Diet B) at four times feeding daily was the most cost-effective and affordable feed strategy for farmers. We conclude that a soybean diet fed four times daily is recommended for adult Nile tilapia reared in concrete tanks.     

Studies on post‐reddening changes in amino acid content leaves of hirsutum cotton and its control with chemicals

The aspartic acid,tyrosine and serine contents of leaves were found reduced in prematurely reddened leaves of hirsutum cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) as compared to healthy green leaves. Amino acids other than those listed above were higher in the affected red leaves. Amino acids threonine and proline increased 63.7 and 2.3 fold over green leaves respectively. Chemical sprays not only maintained the levels of various amino acids at par with green leaf but tended to increase the concentration above the levels obtained in normally found green leaf. However, threonine level was dropped in treated leaves as compared to partly affected red leaf and chemical sprays significantly reduced the leaf reddening when it was sprayed before flowering. It can be suggested that the leaf reddening can possibly be arrested by monitoring threonine content in leaves of hirsutum cotton ov. L‐147.     

黄麻土工布覆盖对花岗岩红壤表土坡面侵蚀特性的影响

[目的]探究黄麻土工布覆盖条件下花岗岩红壤表土坡面侵蚀特性,为花岗岩红壤区坡面土壤侵蚀防治提供科学依据。[方法]通过室内模拟降雨试验,在2个坡度(5°和15°坡度)、3种密度(无覆盖,6 cm×6 cm及3 cm×3 cm网格)的黄麻土工布覆盖条件下,研究极端降雨条件下(90 mm/h)花岗岩红壤表土的坡面侵蚀特性,并观测径流系数、土壤侵蚀速率、泥沙颗粒变化规律及富集率等指标。[结果]坡面径流随降雨历时增加而增加,土壤侵蚀速率则相反,表明侵蚀过程是一个分离受限的过程。和对照组相比,黄麻土工布覆盖在不同试验条件下都具有明显的减流减沙作用。另外,由侵蚀泥沙的粒径分选规律可知,坡面土壤中的黏粒和粉粒大小的颗粒倾向于被优先选择性搬运,其结果致使坡面石英粗颗粒富集,在缓坡(5°)与高密度黄麻土工布覆盖条件下(3 cm×3 cm网格)尤为突出。坡面石英粗颗粒随降雨历时增加不断富集进一步增加了原位坡面的侵蚀抗性,产生了土壤侵蚀速率随降雨历时不断降低的现象。[结论]高密度黄麻土工布的覆盖能够有效地减流减沙,增加原位坡面抗蚀性,是一种有效的水土保持措施,在今后的土壤侵蚀防治和劣地恢复工作中应该被重视。     

退化红壤植被恢复团聚体及化学计量特征

为了探究不同植被恢复模式对土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)分配格局及其生态化学计量特征的影响,为红壤侵蚀区的植被恢复措施及生态治理模式优化提供科学依据,以江西省泰和县红壤严重退化地为研究对象,对研究区马尾松纯林、湿地松纯林、木荷纯林、马尾松木荷混交林(马木混交林)以及湿地松木荷混交林(湿木混交林)5种植被恢复模式0—20,20—40cm土层不同粒径水稳性团聚体C、N、P分配格局及其化学计量特征进行了研究。结果表明:(1)0—40cm不同粒径团聚体分别占总重56.34%(>2mm),30.01%(0.25~2mm),7.14%(0.053~0.25mm),6.54%(<0.053mm),各植被恢复模式土壤水稳性团聚体含量随着粒径的减小而降低,且差异显著(p<0.05),马木混交林>2mm土壤水稳性团聚体含量显著高于其他恢复模式(p<0.05);(2)各植被恢复模式土壤C、N、P含量以马木混交林及湿地松纯林较高,水稳性团聚体C、N、P的含量总体随着粒径减小呈升高的趋势,以较小粒级养分含量较高,且存在显著差异(p<0.05);土层间C、N含量差异显著,P无显著差异,C∶N、C∶P及N∶P存在显著差异(p<0.05);粒径间C∶N、C∶P及N∶P存在显著差异;土壤团聚体C、N与C∶N、C∶P、N∶P均呈极显著相关关系,N∶P值较高且P与N∶P存在显著负相关性(p<0.05);(3)土壤C、N与土壤团聚体C、N含量显著相关(p<0.05),土壤团聚体C、N与土壤容重及含水率存在极显著相关性(p<0.01)。研究结果表明,不同植被恢复模式对土壤养分的改善作用主要集中于表层土壤;土壤团聚体养分对土壤养分状况具有指示作用,且土壤团聚体养分保持能力与土壤物理性质有关;研究区植被生长限制因素以P限制为主且大团聚体和微团聚体受P限制作用更严重;马木混交林较其它植被恢复模式对土壤质量和结构提升均具有显著作用。     

侵蚀红壤区植被恢复对表层与深层土壤有机碳矿化的影响

试验研究了典型红壤侵蚀区不同植被恢复年限(0,11,31a)的表层(0—10cm)和深层(60—80cm)土壤有机碳矿化特征。结果表明:深层土壤有机碳84d累积矿化量或潜在矿化量显著低于表层土壤,植被恢复则显著增加了表层和深层土壤累积矿化量或潜在矿化量(P0.05),相关分析显示土壤有机碳累积矿化量或潜在矿化量与WSOC、MBC和SOC显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)相关,表明碳矿化底物数量是决定土壤碳累积矿化量或潜在矿化量的主导因子;对照表层土壤的矿化速率常数(k)高于深层土壤的,植被恢复降低了表层土壤的k值(P0.05),对深层土壤的k值却没有显著影响;而深层土壤矿化率显著高于表层土壤,且植被恢复后均显著降低(P0.05),相关分析显示土壤有机碳矿化率与微生物代谢熵呈极显著的正相关(P0.01),表明微生物碳利用效率是影响土壤碳矿化率的重要因素,而深层土壤微生物碳利用效率显著低于表层土壤,但植被恢复可以改善侵蚀红壤的环境条件,提高土壤微生物的碳利用效率,从而增强土壤固碳能力。     

模拟酸雨条件下海泡石对污染红壤镉、铅淋溶的影响

采用填充土柱淋溶试验研究不同pH值模拟酸雨和海泡石添加量对重金属污染红壤Cd、Pb淋溶的影响.结果表明,Cd在酸雨pH值较低时累积淋溶量较大,Pb的累积淋溶量随酸雨pH值的降低逐渐增加,pH值为3.5处理的Pb总累积淋溶量显著高于其他pH值处理(高出54.9％).与对照相比,模拟酸雨pH值为3.5时,添加5 g/kg和10 g/kg海泡石处理Cd的总累积淋溶量明显增加(分别增加24.6％和26.3％),而Pb的总累积淋溶量分别显著降低34.7％和25.7％;酸雨pH值为4.5时,添加5 g/kg和10g/kg海泡石处理降低了Cd的累积淋溶量(分别降低13.0％和1.4％),而Pb的淋溶量随海泡石添加量的增加而降低,10 g/kg海泡石处理的Pb总累积淋溶量显著下降17.6％;pH值为5.5和6.5时,海泡石处理Cd累积淋溶量均有所下降,而对Pb的淋溶无显著降低效果.酸雨酸性强度的增大增加了Cd、Pb的淋溶风险,且Pb比Cd敏感.添加海泡石可有效减少酸雨对土壤中Pb的淋溶,但其对Cd淋溶的影响受酸雨酸性强度的影响.     

不同施肥结构对红菜园土有机质、酸性和交换性能的影响

采用田间小区试验研究不同施肥结构和酸调理剂对由第四纪红土发育的酸性红菜园土的有机质、酸性以及交换性能的影响.结果表明,化肥+石灰(NPK+ CaO)和化肥+氧化镁(NPK+ MgO)处理的土壤pH极显著高于其他各处理,并且能显著降低土壤交换态铝的含量,而酸化调理剂2号(NPKSR2)对土壤pH的提高又显著高于其他各处理,土壤pH与土壤交换性铝离子呈负相关;各施肥处理均能提高土壤有机质含量,以化肥+菜枯(NPK+OM)处理效果最佳,该处理土壤有机质含量平均达16.71 g/kg,酸化调理剂2号(NPKSR2)也能显著提高土壤有机质含量;化肥+石灰(NPK+ CaO)和化肥+氧化镁(NPK+MgO)处理提高土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)和有效阳离子交换量(ECEC)效果最显著,酸化调理剂2号(NPKSR2)又优于其他各处理,化肥+氧化镁(NPK+ MgO)处理能有效提高土壤交换性盐基离子各组成的含量;化肥(NPK)和酸化调理剂2号(NPKSR2)处理均能缓慢提高蔬菜作物产量,而其他各处理蔬菜作物产量均不稳定.     

非常规水水质对红壤水分运移参数的影响及其过程模拟

为了探究非常规水水质对亚热带红壤水分运移参数的影响,采用蒸馏水(CK)、再生水(RW)、稀释2,4,6倍再生水(RW-D2、RW-D4、RW-D6)和生活污水(_(WW))等6种不同水质的非常规水模拟红壤水分入渗过程,利用水平土柱吸渗法测定红壤湿润锋运移速率和水分扩散度,应用压力膜仪法测定了土壤水分特征曲线并且借助van Genuchten(VG)模型提取了相应的土壤残余含水量θ_r、土壤饱和含水量θs、α和n等特征参数值。结果表明:不同水质入渗下红壤湿润锋运移速率、水分扩散度均存在着一定差异,湿润锋运移速率由快到慢分别为V_(CK)≈V_(RW-D2)V_(RW-D6)≈V_(RW-D4)V_(WW)V_(RW);在同一含水率下D_(RW-D6)(θ)D_(RW-D4)(θ)D_(WW)(θ)D_(RW-D2)(θ)D_(CK)(θ)D_(RW)(θ)。不同水质处理对VG模型参数变化率的影响程度不同,对α的影响最大,对θ_r的影响最小。因此,非常规水灌溉会降低红壤入渗速率、持水性能以及抗旱能力。