喷硼对红地球葡萄产量和品质的影响

通过大田对比试验研究了红地球葡萄不同浓度硼和不同处理时期对葡萄产量和品质的影响。结果表明:花中期(50%花朵开放)喷施0.2%的硼有利于提高葡萄的产量和品质,与对照(CK)不喷硼相比,坐果率、单粒重、穗重、单株产量和可溶性固性物含量分别增长了132.47%、24.23%、38.71%、38.71%和30.69%。可滴定酸含量降低了40.82%,均达到极显著水平,且穗形紧凑。可将此方法作为高寒冷凉区设施红地球葡萄增产提质的参考值。     

长期不同施肥条件下红壤水稻产量可持续性特征

【目的】研究长期不同施肥处理对红壤性水稻土持续生产及可持续性的影响,为水稻的持续性生产提供参考。【方法】在江西进贤红壤性水稻土长期定位施肥试验点,选取不施肥(CK)、施用氮钾肥(NK)、施用氮磷肥(NP)、施用氮磷钾肥(NPK)和氮磷钾肥与有机肥配施(NPKM)5个长期施肥处理,分析不同施肥处理下早稻和晚稻产量的变化,并计算水稻产量可持续性指数(Sustainable yield index,SYI),探究长期不同施肥处理对水稻产量演变的影响。【结果】1981-2005年,与CK相比,NK、NP、NPK、NPKM处理均可明显提高早、晚稻的产量,其中NPKM处理的产量均明显高于其他处理。1981-2005年,除NK处理的早稻产量呈极显著下降(70.8kg/(hm2·年))外,其他施肥处理早、晚稻的产量变化均不显著。不同施肥处理下,早、晚稻的SYI值不同,其中NPK、NPKM处理早、晚稻的SYI值均较高,而其他处理的早、晚稻SYI值较低。水稻SYI值与各处理的平均产量呈极显著正相关,而与产量变异系数呈不显著负相关。【结论】可以通过提高水稻产量及其稳定性来提高水稻生产的可持续性,利用SYI评价水稻高产稳产可持续性还需对其进行改进。     

花生-萝卜轮作体系下红黏土红壤对猪粪安全消纳能力研究

为减少养猪场废弃物排放和化肥使用,降低环境污染,最大限度将猪粪肥料化,采用盆栽试验方法,在自然降雨条件下模拟研究了亚热带红壤丘陵区花生-萝卜轮作体系下红黏土红壤对猪粪的安全消纳能力。试验设在江西鹰潭中国科学院红壤生态试验站,供试土壤肥力水平中等(有机碳5.16g·kg-1,Olsen-P28.34mg·kg-1)。试验以3组化肥水平为基础(不施化肥,常规化肥减半,常规化肥用量),常规化肥年施肥量为:N100 kg·hm-2,P50kg·hm-2,K100kg·hm-2。每个化肥用量基础上分别设置7个猪粪施肥梯度(以P计):0、25、50、100、200、400、800kgP·hm-2。通过监测两年土壤渗漏水中铵态氮、硝态氮和总磷浓度变化,结合作物产量和土壤养分含量变化,初步确定了花生-萝卜轮作体系下红黏土红壤对猪粪的安全消纳量。结果表明:(1)从地下水和土壤环境角度分析,在不施化肥情况下,猪粪施用量应低于200kgP·hm-2,常用化肥用量减半时,猪粪安全用量为不高于100 kg P·hm-2;常规化肥用量下,即使不施猪粪,渗漏水硝态氮浓度已经有引起污染的风险。(2)从作物产量角度考虑,猪粪和化肥配合施用时猪粪用量超过100 kg P·hm-2时不能使作物显著增产。因此,在保证经济效益和环境生态效益的同时,确定年化肥用量为常规用量减半水平,花生-萝卜轮作体系下红黏土红壤猪粪最大安全消纳量为100kgP·hm-2,相当于每年施用鲜猪粪24000kg·hm-2。     

模拟酸雨作用下红壤中多环芳烃的释放及纵向迁移特征

以USEPA优先控制的16种多环芳烃为研究对象,通过酸雨的土柱淋溶试验模拟实际降水过程,分析了不同酸度的模拟酸雨淋溶后红壤中多环芳烃残留量的变化及不同性质多环芳烃在土柱中纵向迁移特征。研究结果表明:不同酸度模拟酸雨淋溶后红壤中多环芳烃残留量均较淋溶前减少,pH2.5酸雨淋溶后红壤中多环芳烃含量较淋溶前减小的幅度最大(52.08%),pH5.6酸雨淋溶后减小的幅度最小(21.55%);酸雨破坏土壤微结构,使土壤胶体分散,粘粒下移,与土壤粘粒结合在一起的多环芳烃也一起向下迁移,酸雨pH值越小,多环芳烃在土壤中的纵向迁移能力就越强;酸雨对土壤中不同性质多环芳烃的纵向迁移影响不同,对低环多环芳烃(环数≤4)的迁移影响较大,对高环多环芳烃(环数4)影响较小,主要是由于不同性质多环芳烃在土壤中结合的物质不同而引起的。该研究结果为了解酸雨作用下多环芳烃在土壤介质中的稳定性及其对地下水潜在污染的风险评价提供理论依据。     

Investigation of the nutritional requirements of Australian snapper Pagrus auratus (Bloch & Schneider 1801): digestibility of gelatinized wheat starch and clearance of an intra-peritoneal injection of d-glucose

Two experiments were performed to investigate the digestibility and utilization of carbohydrate sources by Australian snapper Pagrus auratus. In the first experiment, snapper of two different size classes (110 and 375 g) were fed a reference diet containing no starch (REF) or diets containing 150 (PN15), 250 (PN25), 350 (PN35) or 450 g kg^?1 (PN45) of 100% gelatinized wheat starch to investigate the interactive effects of fish size and starch inclusion level on apparent organic matter (OM) or gross energy (GE) digestibility (ADC), post‐prandial plasma glucose concentration, hepatosomatic index (HSI) and liver or tissue glycogen content. A second experiment used a 72 h time course study to investigate the ability of larger snapper (300–481 g) to clear an intra‐peritoneal injection of 1 g d ‐glucose kg^?1 body weight (BW). Organic matter and GE ADCs declined significantly in both fish sizes as the level of starch increased (PN45energy small fishenergy large fish). There was no interaction between fish size and inclusion level with respect to GE or OM ADCs. Gross energy ADC for both sized fish was described by the linear function GE ADC=104.97 (±3.39)–0.109 (±0.010) × inclusion level (R²=0.86). Hepatosomatic index, liver and muscle glycogen concentrations were significantly elevated in both small and large snapper‐fed diets containing gelatinized starch compared with snapper fed the REF diet. Three‐hour post‐prandial plasma glucose concentrations were not significantly affected by fish size, inclusion level or the interaction of these factors (REF=PN15=PN25=PN35=PN45), and ranged between 1.60 and 2.5 mM. The mean±SD resting level of plasma glucose (0 h) was 2.4±1.1 mM. Circulating levels of plasma glucose in snapper peaked at 18.9 mM approximately 3 h after intra‐peritoneal injection and fish exhibited hyperglycaemia for at least 12–18 h. There were no significant differences between the plasma glucose concentrations of snapper sampled 0, 18, 24, 48 or 72 h after injection (0=18=24=48=72<12< 1<3=6 h), indicating snapper required almost 18 h to regulate their circulating levels of glucose to near‐basal concentrations. Australian snapper are capable of digesting moderate levels of gelatinized wheat starch; however, increasing the dietary content of starch resulted in a reduction in OM and GE digestibility. Smaller snapper appear to be less capable of digesting gelatinized starch than larger fish, and levels above 250 and 350 g kg^?1 of diet are not recommended for small and large fish respectively. Snapper subjected to an intra‐peritoneal injection of d ‐glucose have prolonged hyperglycaemia; however, the post‐prandial response to the uptake of glucose from normally digested gelatinized starch appears to be more regulated.     

Evaluation of fisheries by-catch and by-product meals in diets for red drum Sciaenops ocellatus L.

This study evaluated various by‐catch and by‐product meals of marine origin with red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus L.). Four different kinds of by‐catch or by‐product meals [shrimp by‐catch meal from shrimp trawling, Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone)) processing waste meal, red salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum)) head meal, and Pacific whiting (Merluccius productus (Ayres)) meal] were substituted for Special Select? menhaden fish meal at 33% or 67% of crude protein in diets formulated to contain 40% crude protein, 12% lipid, and 14.6 kJ digestible energy g^?1. Each of these diets and three additional diets consisting of shrimp processing waste meal formulated on a digestible‐protein basis and two Pacific whiting diets containing reduced levels of ash were also evaluated in two 6‐week feeding trials with juvenile red drum (initial weight of 4–5 and 1–2 g fish^?1 in trials 1 and 2). Red drum fed by‐catch meal at either level of substitution performed as well as fish fed the control diet; whereas, fish fed shrimp processing waste meal diets had significantly (P≤0.05) reduced weight gain and feed efficiency ratio values compared with the controls, even when fed on a digestible‐protein basis. The diets containing Pacific whiting at either levels of substitution and regardless of ash level supported similar performance of red drum as those fed the control diet. Fish fed the red salmon head meal diet fared poorly, probably owing to an excessive amount of lipid in the diet that became rancid. Overall, by‐catch meal associated with shrimp trawling and Pacific whiting appear to be suitable protein feedstuffs for red drum.     

Tilapia Lake Virus was not detected in non-tilapine species within tilapia polyculture systems of Bangladesh

Sixteen countries, including Bangladesh, have reported the presence of tilapia lake virus (TiLV), an emerging tilapia pathogen. Fish polyculture is a common farming practice in Bangladesh. Some unusual mortalities reported in species co-cultivated with TiLV-infected tilapia led us to investigate whether any of the co-cultivated species would also test positive for TiLV and whether they were susceptible to TiLV infection under controlled laboratory experiments. Using 183 samples obtained from 15 farms in six districts across Bangladesh, we determined that 20% of the farms tested positive for TiLV in tilapia, while 15 co-cultivated fish species and seven other invertebrates (e.g. insects and crustaceans) considered potential carriers all tested negative. Of the six representative fish species experimentally infected with TiLV, only Nile tilapia showed the typical clinical signs of the disease, with 70% mortality within 12 days. By contrast, four carp species and one catfish species challenged with TiLV showed no signs of TiLV infection. Challenged tilapia were confirmed as TiLV-positive by RT-qPCR, while challenged carp and walking catfish all tested negative. Overall, our field and laboratory findings indicate that species used in polycultures are not susceptible to TiLV. Although current evidence suggests that TiLV is likely host-specific to tilapia, targeted surveillance for TiLV in other fish species in polyculture systems should continue, in order to prepare for a possible future scenario where TiLV mutates and/or adapts to new host(s).     

Conservation status of the world's hagfish species and the loss of phylogenetic diversity and ecosystem function

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