农业元宇宙：关键技术、应用情景、挑战与展望

元宇宙这一新兴概念受到了产、学、研各界的广泛关注。农业与元宇宙的结合将极大地推动农业信息化和智能化发展,为农业智能化转型升级提供新动能。为深入分析元宇宙在农业领域的应用研究可行性,本文首先分析了农业元宇宙的概念,以及区块链、非同质化代币、5G/6G、人工智能、物联网、三维重建、云计算、边缘计算和扩展现实等元宇宙农业应用的关键技术。接着讨论了元宇宙在虚拟农场、农业教学系统和农产品追溯系统三个农业应用领域的主要情景,最后总结了农业元宇宙面临的系统建立、通信基础、硬件设备和运营等方面的主要挑战,并展望了未来的发展方向。本文可为元宇宙在农业的应用研究提供指导。     

New strategies for increasing heterozygosity in crops: Vicia faba mating system as a study case

Our research assesses the feasibility of using artificial selection on pre-mating floral traits to modify the mating system of faba bean (Vicia faba). This analysis considered two synthetic populations, which were derived from different genetic pools and had undergone five years of multiplication. For these populations, we identified floral and inflorescence traits that influence outcrossing per plant and examined the relative importance of these traits in governing yield. Codominant isozyme loci and the mixed-mating model were used to estimate the multilocus female outcrossing rate. A maternal half-sib design was used to evaluate the additive genetic component of floral and inflorescence traits, yield and yield components. Multiple regression was used to assess the effects of floral and inflorescence traits on outcrossing and yield and components of yield. The two populations exhibited mixing mating. Self-fertilization appears to result from the action of pollinating bees, so that its incidence could be modified by selection on floral and inflorescence traits that affect pollination. Floral and inflorescence traits affected individual differences in outcrossing unequally, with most variation being associated with the numbers of displayed flowers and inflorescences. Variation among plants in reward traits and in shape, although statistically significant, had limited and inconsistent influences on individual differences in outcrossing. Yield and its components varied strongly with aspects of floral display and, to a lesser extent, floral design, except for seed weight. Overall, our results imply that both outcrossing and yield could be enhanced by selection for plants that produce more inflorescences, each with relatively few flowers.     

中国荞麦优势区域布局与发展研究

荞麦是重要的粮食作物和药用植物资源，也中国传统的出口农产品。通过分析中国荞麦生产现状、优势与分布特点，按照荞麦优势区域布局规划原则和指导思想，进行荞麦优势区域布局研究，坚持以市场为导向，以提高荞麦国际市场竞争力为核心，以科技创新与推广为动力，通过品种改良、结构优化、改善品质，强化市场营销，构建具有中国特色的荞麦产业发展体系。提出通过建立荞麦出口生产基地，增加科技投入，培育龙头企业等措施促进中国荞麦产业发展。研究结果对发展中西部特色农业和主产区农民致富具有重要意义。     

数字农业信息标准研究

农业信息标准化是数字农业建设的重要基础内容。对农业信息标准化的涵义和中国农业信息管理和使用的现状进行了分析,对开展数字农业信息标准工作应遵循的原则和目标进行了探讨,并提出了当前的工作重点。在此基础上介绍了作物生产信息表达标准研究进展：围绕作物生产需要,通过提取土壤、农业气象、作物生育规律和生产管理的术语体系和基础数据元目录,用专业名词术语和标准数据元来描述和量化作物生产研究对象与管理行为,提出了规范化的信息获取方法,建立了标准化的信息表达方法和存储交换格式,明确了数据的值域和应用范围,从而实现了农业信息在在语义上、标准上和内容上的统一。     

山西省屯留县王公庄村六位一体生态农业模式研究 与系统效益分析

在深刻探讨生态农业内涵的基础上，详细介绍了屯留县王公庄六位一体农牧结合复合型生态农业模式及配套技术，通过对该生态模式系统的经济、生态、社会效益分析表明，该生态农业模式系统经济、生态、社会效益十分显著，是中国北方农村发展生态农业，实现农业和农村可持续发展、农民致富奔小康的有效途径。     

Consequences of climate change for European agricultural productivity, land use and policy

This paper reviews the knowledge on effects of climate change on agricultural productivity in Europe and the consequences for policy and research. Warming is expected to lead to a northward expansion of suitable cropping areas and a reduction of the growing period of determinate crops (e.g. cereals), but an increase for indeterminate crops (e.g. root crops). Increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations will directly enhance plant productivity and also increase resource use efficiencies.

In northern areas climate change may produce positive effects on agriculture through introduction of new crop species and varieties, higher crop production and expansion of suitable areas for crop cultivation. Disadvantages may be an increase in the need for plant protection, the risk of nutrient leaching and the turnover of soil organic matter. In southern areas the disadvantages will predominate. The possible increase in water shortage and extreme weather events may cause lower harvestable yields, higher yield variability and a reduction in suitable areas for traditional crops. These effects may reinforce the current trends of intensification of agriculture in northern and western Europe and extensification in the Mediterranean and southeastern parts of Europe.

Policy will have to support the adaptation of European agriculture to climate change by encouraging the flexibility of land use, crop production, farming systems etc. In doing so, it is necessary to consider the multifunctional role of agriculture, and to strike a variable balance between economic, environmental and social functions in different European regions. Policy will also need to be concerned with agricultural strategies to mitigate climate change through a reduction in emissions of methane and nitrous oxide, an increase in carbon sequestration in agricultural soils and the growing of energy crops to substitute fossil energy use. The policies to support adaptation and mitigation to climate change will need to be linked closely to the development of agri-environmental schemes in the European Union Common Agricultural Policy.

Research will have further to deal with the effect on secondary factors of agricultural production, on the quality of crop and animal production, of changes in frequency of isolated and extreme weather events on agricultural production, and the interaction with the surrounding natural ecosystems. There is also a need to study combined effects of adaptation and mitigation strategies, and include assessments of the consequences on current efforts in agricultural policy to develop a sustainable agriculture that also preserves environmental and social values in the rural society.     

生态农业与绿色食品开发

论述了在农业发展新的形势下,加快生态农业与绿色食品开发的重要性,以及两者间的相互关联性和发展目标的一致性。     

日本农协发展的新动向——基于对鸟取县的实际调查

侧重于日本农业协同组合的组织体制改革和农业协同组合所举办事业的新动向进行了研究探讨。伴随着农协的改革发展,农协这一农业合作组织的地方特色也越来越显现出来,以日本鸟取县的调查为依据进行了分析,并以鸟取中央农协东乡梨选果场为个例,对农协事业进行了研究。     

有机农业及其生产种植技术探讨

首先介绍了有机农业与有机食品的概念、生产原则以及有机农业与传统农业的区别;结合生产实践经验,从生产基地选择和环境控制、转换期与平行生产问题、基因工程产品的使用、作物品种的选择与病虫害的防治等九个方面介绍了有机农业生产种植中应注意的问题。     

试论农林院校创新型人才培养模式的建构及路径选择

知识经济时代,创新成为社会发展主旋律。面对前所未有的挑战,必须培养大批具有创新意识、创新精神和实践能力的创新型人才。诠释了农林院校创新型人才培养模式内涵、建构原则及其紧迫性,探析了目前农林院校创新型人才培养中存在的主要问题及模式建构之路径选择,对指导农林院校创新型人才的培养具有重要理论意义和实践价值。