Pharmacokinetics,tissue residues,and ex vivo pharmacodynamics of tylosin against Mycoplasma anatis in ducks

The pharmacokinetics of tylosin were investigated in 3 groups of ducks (n = 6). They received a single dose of tylosin (50 mg/kg) by intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and oral administrations, respectively. Plasma samples were collected at various time points to 24 hr post-administration to evaluate tylosin concentration over time. Additionally, tylosin residues in tissues and its withdrawal time were assessed using 30 ducks which received tylosin orally (50 mg/kg) once daily for 5 consecutive days. After IV administration, the volume of distribution, elimination half-life, area under the plasma concentration–time curve, and the total body clearance were 7.07 ± 1.98 L/kg, 2.04 hr, 19.47 µg hr/ml, and 2.82 L hr⁻¹ kg⁻¹, respectively. After IM and oral administrations, the maximum plasma concentrations were 3.70 and 2.75 µg/ml achieved at 1 and 2 hr, and the bioavailability was 93.95% and 75.77%, respectively. The calculated withdrawal periods of tylosin were 13, 8, and 5 days for kidney, liver, and muscle, respectively. For the pharmacodynamic profile, the minimum inhibitory concentration for tylosin against M. anatis strain 1,340 was 1 µg/ml. The calculated optimal oral dose of tylosin against M. anatis in ducks based on the ex vivo pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling was 61 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹.     

矮小型褐壳蛋鸡产蛋时间和间隔的统计分析

本文对８８０只纯系矮小型褐壳蛋鸡的产蛋时间进行了连续５天的观察,分析结果表明,矮小型褐壳蛋鸡的产蛋时间集中在上午１２时以前,并以９：００～１０：００期间产蛋最为密集,占全天产蛋的１９．５％。连产内第一枚蛋产出时间集中在上午（８９：３３％）,以７：００～９：００间产蛋最多（４９．７１％）;而最后一枚蛋产出时间集中在下午（７１．２０％）,以２：００～４：００间产蛋最多（３６．５８％）。矮小型褐壳蛋鸡连产内产蛋间隔范围为２２．３５～３１．１５小时,每枚蛋平均间隔高峰在２４小时（３６．０％）,群体平均产蛋间隔为２５．０８小时。相邻连产间间隔时间的变异范围很大,最短为３８．０小时,最长达１００．４５小时。     

应用杆状病毒系统高效表达猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒GP5基因

将猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒CH_la株囊膜糖蛋白 (GP5 )基因定向亚克隆到杆状病毒转移载体pBlueBacHisB中 ,与杆状病毒线性DNA(Bac_N_BlueTMDNA)共转染昆虫细胞sf9,经过三轮蚀斑纯化后 ,获得重组杆状病毒rBac_GP5。用该重组病毒感染sf9细胞后 ,应用间接免疫荧光试验、SDS_PAGE和Westernblot检测表明 ,GP5基因在杆状病毒系统中获得了高效表达 ,表达产物因糖基化程度差异 ,表观分子量有 2 2、2 5和 30kDa三种总计约占细胞蛋白总量的 2 6 .4%。     

The length of BTV-8 viraemia in cattle according to infection doses and diagnostic techniques

Four groups of BTV free Frisian and cross bred calves were used to determine the length of viraemia following infection with different doses of BTV-8 Italian isolate. The first group of five animals was infected with 10 TCID₅₀ of BTV-8, the second group of four animals with 10³ TCID₅₀ and the third group, which also included four animals, was infected with 10⁶ TCID₅₀. A placebo containing uninfected tissue culture medium was given to the four animals of the fourth group. The viraemia was evaluated by real time RT-PCR and virus isolation. In all infected groups, virus isolation was able to detect infectious virus up to 39 days post infection (dpi) while RT-PCR was positive up to 151–157 dpi. Infectious dose did influence neither the length nor the pattern of BTV-8 viraemia and confirmed that real time RT-PCR remains positive although no circulating virus is detectable in the peripheral circulation.     

大白猪肿瘤坏死因子α基因启动子区多态性及其对mRNA表达水平的影响

肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor,TNF-α)基因在机体固有免疫和炎症反应中发挥重要作用,本研究旨在分析大白猪TNF-α基因启动子区C-791T多态性及其与基因表达之间的关系,为分析TNF-α基因启动子区C-791T突变的遗传学效应提供科学依据.本试验利用PCR-SSCP方法对201头大白猪TNF-α基因启动子区C-791T位点多态性进行检测,同时利用Real-time PCR方法分析TNF-α基因C-791T位点不同基因型在大白猪11个组织中的mRNA差异表达情况.结果表明,大白猪TNF-α基因启动子区-791 bp处存在碱基突变(C> T),并检测到3种基因型,分别为:CC、CT和TT.TNF-α基因在断奶仔猪脾脏、肺脏、胸腺和淋巴结等免疫器官中表达量均较高;TT和CT基因型个体在11个组织中TNF-α基因表达量普遍高于CC基因型个体,且在十二指肠及空肠组织中达到差异显著性水平(P <0.05).因此,TNF-α基因启动子区C-791T突变对该基因的mRNA表达水平产生显著影响,有必要将TNF-α基因启动子区C-791T位点多态性作为提升机体肠道病原菌抗性的遗传标记进行深入研究.     

鉴别显色培养基在奶牛乳房炎病原菌快速鉴定中的应用

为研发用于奶牛乳房炎常见病原菌分离鉴定的鉴别显色培养基,并检验其与普通分离鉴定培养基辅以生化鉴定和16S rRNA核酸序列测定两种传统方法鉴定结果的一致性,笔者以生物信息学方法筛出各种属细菌的特异性酶、可作为唯一碳源发酵产酸的碳源,然后合成酶显色底物,连同碳源、酸碱指示剂制备显色培养基,将各种属标准菌株、野生型菌株涂布培养,评估菌落形态、菌落颜色及培养基基质颜色变化。采集隐性乳房炎(CMT法检测)及临床型乳房炎病例的牛奶样品(絮状物、凝块、清亮状或血乳)共计482份,用鉴别显色培养基和两种传统方法进行病原菌的分离、鉴定。鉴别显色培养基上菌落纯化后提取DNA用于16S rRNA序列扩增,产物送去测序(n=194)。以两种传统方法为参考,判定鉴别显色培养基鉴定病原菌的可靠性,用SAS 9.4的FREQ程序计算鉴别显色培养基的简单科恩κ系数。鉴别显色培养基上常见乳房炎病原菌不同种属的菌落形态和培养基基质颜色明显不同,肉眼即可辨别。鉴别显色培养基与两种传统方法鉴定结果的一致性参数分别为κ=0.70、κ=0.96。鉴别显色培养基能够作为常见奶牛乳房炎病原菌的标准鉴定方法。     

银染mRNA差异显示方法在致突变实验中的初步应用

为建立在药物致突变研究中应用银染 m RNA差异显示的方法 ,试验提取未经过 /经过环磷酰胺处理的 Balb/c小鼠肝组织的总 RNA ,并以此为模板 ,采用 d T1 2 CG、d T1 2 AG、d T1 2 GG为锚定引物 ,通过反转录、差异显示 PCR反应 ,以 6 %变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离差异条带 ,回收后将其再扩增。结果表明 ,RNA投入量为 3μg、镁离子浓度为 1.5～ 2 .0 mm ol/L、退火温度为 4 0℃时 ,扩增的片段条带清晰、背景低 ,差异条带明显 ,再扩增条带单一。银染 m RNA差异显示技术可成功应用于药物致突变的研究。     

LDSO: a program to simulate pedigrees and molecular information under various evolutionary forces

Simulations are a major tool to evaluate new statistical methods and optimize experimental designs in the genomic era. However, this can only be achieved when the simulations are close enough to reality, as well as diverse enough to be realistic. For mapping studies, it is thus critical to re-create as much as possible the forces generating linkage (mutation, random drift, changes in population sizes, selection and pedigree structure) and the mechanisms producing trait genetic architecture (additivity, dominance, epistasis). We present here a computer program (ldso) simulating these phenomena. Optional outputs provide statistics on the linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure and the identity by descent between chromosomal segments, facilitating further data analyses. Furthermore, ldso enables the simulation of genomic data in known pedigrees, which sticks as precisely as possible to recent population history and structures of the long-range LD, allowing optimization of fine-mapping strategies.     

禁牧休牧监管立法的分析与探讨

禁牧休牧已成为保护和培育生态植被的一种主要方式,是遏制草原荒漠化的有效手段。相对于禁牧休牧的制度需求,其监管立法却存在诸多问题需要完善,本文从立法层级、监管体制、法律责任等方面分析了禁牧休牧监管立法中存在的问题,着重论述其完善途径,并提出了相应的立法建议。     

箭筈豌豆种子人工加速老化条件筛选的研究

人工加速老化法是种子活力测定的常用方法之一,但不同物种适宜的老化条件往往不同。以9个箭筈豌豆种批为材料,在100%相对湿度,41、43及45 ℃条件分别老化处理12、24、36、48、60及72 h,通过测定发芽率及发芽速率,筛选出箭筈豌豆适宜的人工加速老化条件。结果表明,老化温度、时间以及两者的交互作用对发芽率及发芽速率均有极显著影响(P<0.01)。随着老化温度及时间的增加,发芽率逐渐下降,老化处理48 h后发芽率均显著降低(P<0.05)(除种批6);发芽速率先增加后降低,24 h后呈现下降趋势。相关分析结果表明老化时间对箭筈豌豆发芽率和发芽速率的影响大于温度。在41 ℃-60 h老化条件下,发芽率和发芽速率分别将9个种批分为8和6个质量等级,比其他老化处理条件划分更多的质量等级,且各质量等级之间差异显著(P<0.05)。因此,41 ℃-60 h是箭筈豌豆适宜的人工加速老化条件。