新时代做好科研院所宣传工作的思考

为研究做好新时代科研院所的宣传工作,文章以北京市农林科学院新时代宣传工作为例,采用发放调查问卷、开展研讨座谈等方式,获得相关数据,分析该院在新时代宣传工作取得的成效和存在的薄弱环节,结合查阅文献资料,从加强引导、建章立制、健全机构、扩宽宣传渠道和手段等方面,提出在新时代做好科研院所宣传工作的一些建议.     

外出务工对农民成为合作社负责人的影响 ——基于全国粮食种植业职业农民的分析

外出务工返乡农民被认为是解决中国“谁来种地”、提高中国农业组织化程度的重要希望,政府也在大力宣传、引导外出务工返乡农民投身农业并引领合作社等新型经营主体发展。本文基于新迁移经济学等理论,利用具有全国代表性的粮食种植业职业农民的大样本数据,运用二元模型、双重稳健模型、匹配模型和多元定序模型等计量方法,分析了外出务工对农民成为合作社负责人的影响。结果表明,在粮食种植业职业农民中,外出务工返乡农民占比为23.66%,合作社负责人占比为24.59%。外出务工返乡农民中合作社负责人的占比为34.65%,没有外出务工的农民中合作社负责人的占比为21.47%,两者相差约13个百分点。计量分析结果表明,相比没有外出务工的农民,外出务工返乡农民成为合作社负责人的概率要显著高出约6个百分点,即调查样本中外出务工返乡农民要比其他农民成为合作社负责人的概率高出近1/4,这证实了外出务工对农民成为合作社负责人的正向促进作用。外出务工通过人力资本提升、农业生产投入和政府政策支持三个方面促使返乡农民工更可能成为合作社负责人。因此,在当前农业转型阶段,政府一方面应鼓励人力资本水平较低的青年农民外出就业,通过务工积累个人资本;另一方面,应大力吸引并帮助优秀的返乡农民工投身农业和乡村振兴事业,发挥他们更多的引领带动作用。     

社会化服务对农户质量安全认证行为的影响分析

社会化服务是促进小农户与现代农业有机衔接的重要途径。基于“全国新型农业经营主体发展指数调查”数据分析农户的社会化服务获取水平及其质量安全认证水平,并采用IVProbit模型分析社会化服务对农户质量安全认证行为的影响。结果表明,农户对社会化服务的平均获取数量为1.424种,通过至少一种质量安全认证的农户占比为8.5%,呈现出较低水平。社会化服务对农户的认证行为具有显著促进作用,但这种促进作用存在异质性。在社会化服务不同环节中,产后服务的促进作用最强,其次为产前服务,最后为产中服务;对不同类型农户而言,社会化服务对普通农户的促进作用强于规模农户。研究表明,缓解家庭资源禀赋约束和拓展产品销售市场是社会化服务促进农户认证行为的有效路径。因此,提出推进社会化服务的供给侧结构性改革、落实对普通农户获取社会化服务的激励政策、完善社会化服务对农户认证行为的影响路径等建议。     

Effects of tidal flat reclamation on sediment quality and hypoxia in Isahaya Bay

• 1. Ariake Bay, which is located in western Japan, has a large tidal range (>6 m) and a vast tidal flat (200 km²). In the early 1990s, the government‐managed Isahaya Reclamation Project began in the western part of Ariake Bay. A 16‐km² area of tidal flat in the inner part of Isahaya Bay was destroyed through reclamation and separated from the sea by a dyke, which created land and a freshwater reservoir.
• 2. Since the initiation of the project, fishery yields around Isahaya Bay have dramatically decreased. The objective of this study was to clarify the relationship between the work associated with the Isahaya Reclamation Project and the recent environmental deterioration in Ariake Bay, with references to present sediment thickness and organic matter content, and hypoxic water distributions in Isahaya Bay.
• 3. The organic matter load from the reservoir has increased since the initiation of the reclamation project and has been associated with a thick layer of fine sediment at the bottom of Isahaya Bay. The thickness of fine sediment and the total organic carbon content were higher in Isahaya Bay than in the freshwater reservoir.
• 4. Based on measurements in August 2001, hypoxic water spread widely in and around Isahaya Bay; the lowest dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration (0.53 mg L^?1) was observed just outside the dyke. An analysis based on a two‐layered box model using data obtained in August 2001 showed that the DO consumption rate in the bottom layer was high (0.61 mg O₂ L^?1 day^?1), and that 22–41% of the total organic carbon load needed to induce the hypoxic water was derived from the reclamation area.
• 5. Our findings strongly suggest that enclosed seas may suffer from eutrophic and hypoxic conditions because of their low seawater‐exchange rate. A comprehensive conservation programme and environmental assessment including physical and material transport processes in the system is needed to manage the environment of the enclosed sea.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

两岸携手养护厦金海域海洋生物资源策略探讨

金厦海域生物资源丰富,曾是厦门和金门渔民传统的生产渔场。近年来随着两地经济的发展,该海域的海洋生态的损害逐步加重,渔业资源严重衰退,海洋生物多样性遭受重大损害。显然,两岸携手进行该海域的海洋生态养护是十分必要的。本文通过分析该海域的海洋生物资源的基本情况及厦门和金门多年来开展的渔业资源养护工作及其效果,提出两岸携手养护厦金海域渔业资源的合作机制,并建议合作开展海洋环境质量调查,渔业生产现状调查,增殖放流,鱼类栖地再造,划设渔业资源保护区等工作。     

Relating tradable credits for biodiversity to sustainability criteria in a dynamic landscape

Tradable biodiversity credit systems provide flexible means to resolve conflicts between development and conservation land-use options for habitats occupied by threatened or endangered species. We describe an approach to incorporate the influence of habitat fragmentation into the conservation value of tradable credits. Habitat fragmentation decreases gene flow, increases rates of genetic drift and inbreeding, and increases probabilities of patch extinction. Importantly, tradable credit systems will change the level of fragmentation over time for small and/or declining populations. We apply landscape equivalency analysis (LEA), a generalizable, landscape-scale accounting system that assigns conservation value to habitat patches based on patch contributions to abundance and genetic variance at landscape scales. By evaluating habitat trades using two models that vary the relationship between dispersal behaviors and landscape patterns, we show that LEA provides a novel method for limiting access to habitat at the landscape-scale, recognizing that the appropriate amount of migration needed to supplement patch recruitment and to offset drift and inbreeding will vary as landscape pattern changes over time. We also found that decisions based on probabilities of persistence alone would ignore changes in migration, genetic drift, and patch extinction that result from habitat trades. The general principle of LEA is that habitat patches traded should make at least equivalent contributions to rates of recruitment and migration estimated at a landscape scale. Traditional approaches for assessing the “take” and “jeopardy” standards under the Endangered Species Act based on changes in abundance and probability of persistence may be inadequate to prevent trades that increase fragmentation.     

基层农机工作的职能转换

基层农机工作要适应时代的需要,其管理职能也要随之做出相应调整,由过去的管理型向管理服务型转变。既要管理好农机安全生产及农机有序合理流动,又要搞好服务,当好农机教练员,做好农机推广工作,成为一名合格农机服务员,主动为机手和经销商及厂家搭起桥梁和纽带,促进农机的发展。     

35技术在城市森林研究中的应用

总结国内外3s技术在城市森林研究领域应用现状,分析其不足,即遥感学家与植物生态学家缺乏沟通、被动遥感优势尚未挖掘、生态系统服务制图滞后、生态系统管理中忽视信息系统建设,以及景观规划的精确性与客观性有待提高等,在此基础上提出相应改进建议,以期为我国城市森林的3S技术应用和城市森林建设工作提供借鉴。     

城市居民社区工作服务需求及其模式探索——以广州为例

随着经济社会的快速发展,以民生为重点的政府购买社会工作服务也已经引起地方政府的高度关注。由于社区居民需要的服务均有不同的特点,因此,社区社会工作服务必须具有适时性、针对性、有序性和有效性,从而不断满足社区居民各方面的需求。试图以广州为例,探索一条与经济社会发展相适应的新型城市社区工作模式,即立足街道综合服务中心,依托社区服务组织,辐射居民家庭,具有地方特色的社区服务模式。     

海安县海安镇水稻专业化服务工作措施及成效

从领导重视与强化组织、措施扎实与强化服务、明确责任与强化考核、加强督查与促进工作等方面总结了海安县海安镇水稻专业化服务工作措施,并分析其成效,以供参考。