Neutral models for testing landscape hypotheses

Neutral landscape models were originally developed to test the hypothesis that human-induced fragmentation produces patterns distinctly different from those associated with random processes. Other uses for neutral models have become apparent, including the development and testing of landscape metrics to characterize landscape pattern. Although metric development proved to be significant, the focus on metrics obscured the need for iterative hypothesis testing fundamental to the advancement of the discipline. We present here an example of an alternative neutral model and hypothesis designed to relate the process of landscape change to observed landscape patterns. The methods and program, QRULE, are described and options for statistical testing outlined. The results show that human fragmentation of landscapes results in a non-random association of land-cover types that can be describe by simple statistical methods. Options for additional landscape studies are discussed and access to QRULE described in the hope that these methods will be employed to advance our understanding of the processes that affect the structure and function in human dominated landscapes.     

山茱萸多糖提取工艺优化及马钱苷含量测定

采用L（934）正交设计试验,对山茱萸浸提液中山茱萸多糖的酶水解法提取工艺进行了优化研究,并对浸提液的中有效成分马钱苷含量进行了HPLC法分析。结果表明,山茱萸多糖浸提的最佳工艺为：液料比1∶5,浸提时间4 h,浸提温度80℃,果胶酶添加量0.55 g/L。用HPLC法测定出的山茱萸浸提液中马钱苷平均含量为0.512 ...     

大豆小肽螯合铁的制备工艺及光谱分析研究

通过铁源筛选比较得知,氯化亚铁比较适合与大豆小肽进行螯合反应制备大豆小肽螯合铁,利用响应面法优化了大豆小肽螯合铁的制备工艺,优化结果为:小肽与亚铁盐质量比4∶1,反应pH5.0,反应温度40℃,得到离子螯合率平均值为56.81%,经中试车间生产试制得到大豆小肽螯合铁的得率是78.3%,螯合率为82.39%,检测大豆小肽螯合铁的主要成分中的蛋白含量为78.94%,铁的含量为10.87%。红外和紫外光谱分析检测结果显示:大豆小肽和大豆小肽螯合铁(Fe~(2+))红外吸收峰的强度在不同波长位置上有明显的变化,大豆小肽螯合铁(Fe~(2+))在紫外波长上发生了明显的位移且宽化,表明大豆小肽螯合铁(Fe~(2+))形成了络合物。同时对大豆小肽螯合铁的结构进行了预测。     

The process of decline of an endangered tree species,Pinus armandii Franch. var.amamiana (Koidz.) Hatusima, on the southern slope of Mt. Hasa-dake in Yaku-shima Island

The process of decline of an endangered tree species,Pinus armandii var.amamiana, was monitored on the southern slope of Mt. Hasa-dake in Yaku-shima Island from 1994 to 1998. There are 163 trees ofP. armandii var.amamiana over 1.3 m in height. They are distributed on steep ridges and rocks with a thin soil layer mostly consisting of friable granite. During the monitoring period, 21 trees ofP. armandii var.amamiana died and the mortality rate was 12.9%. Dead trees were categorized into three types: standing, uprooted and landslide. The uprooted- and landslide-typed dead trees were found only after a severe typhoon struck Yaku-shima Island. This suggests that the combination of fragile site conditions and severe typhoons play an important role in the process of decline ofP. armandii var.amamiana. The standing-typed dead trees were presumed to have been killed by pine wilt disease, accounting for 71.4% of the dead trees. However,Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the cause of pine wilt disease, was not detected from any of the wood chips or branch samples from the standing-typed dead trees ofP. armandii var.amamiana. This might indicate that some factor(s) other than pine wilt disease could be responsible for the standing-typed death ofP. armandii var.amamiana in natural habitats. A part of this paper was presented at the 109th Meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society.     

一年生云南松苗期生长动态规律研究

基于1a生云南松苗高和地径的定株、定期观测数据,采用Logistic方程对其生长过程进行拟合,根据其中参数分析生长动态规律。结果表明:(1)地径生长符合"S"型曲线,呈现"慢-快-慢"节律;苗高生长符合双"S"型曲线,呈现"慢-快-慢-快-慢"节律。(2)根据生长量变化规律,苗高生长过程可分为出苗期、速生期Ⅰ、过渡期、速生期Ⅱ和生长后期;地径生长过程可分为生长前期、速生期和生长后期。(3)苗高两个速生期为23～34d和89～150d,两个速生点时间为第28天和第120天;地径速生期为141～211d,速生点时间为第176天。(4)苗高、地径的累积生长量均在速生期最大,分别占理论上限值的58.37%和57.85%。(5)苗高、地径的生长表现出异速现象,150d之前苗木主要进行高生长、150d之后则以地径生长为主。     

工艺加工对干法再造烟叶品质的影响

通过分析检测干法再造烟叶在制丝工艺过程中化学成分、烟气常规指标、烟气有害成分、致香成分以及感官质量的变化,考察工艺加工对干法再造烟叶品质的影响,为干法再造烟叶在卷烟中的应用提供科学依据。结果表明：经过松散回潮、加料贮叶、增温增湿、烘丝等处理,干法再造烟叶的总糖和还原糖含量有所增加,烟碱含量呈下降趋势;总粒相物、焦油、CO及各有害成分的释放量均呈下降趋势,危害指数降低了4．52％;工艺加工后大部分致香物质的总量略高于加工前,其中烟草中重要的致香成分巨豆三烯酮、β大马酮、新植二烯、β二氢大马酮、香叶基丙酮等的含量明显增加;再造烟叶感官质量明显提升,甜润感和烟气清晰度得到改善。上述结论表明,工艺加工过程对干法再造烟叶的内在品质有一定的提升作用,干法再造烟叶能很好地适应卷烟制丝线的工艺加工。     

通用旋转组合设计法优化白灵菇菌丝体多糖提取工艺

为了提高白灵菇菌丝体多糖的提取率,采用二次通用旋转组合设计试验方法,建立了具有良好预测性能的提取时间、液固比、提取温度与白灵菇菌丝体多糖提取工艺参数间关系的经验数学模型,得出了提取白灵菇菌丝体多糖的最佳工艺条件为:提取时间3.8 h,液固比52.5倍,提取温度95℃.在此条件下,白灵菇菌丝体多糖得率可以达到6.39%.     

重庆三峡库区加工甜橙园土壤养分状况分析

为了解重庆三峡库区加工甜橙园土壤养分含量状况,在重庆7县（区）随机选取132个果园,分析背景土壤和农化土壤pH值、有机质和有效态矿质养分含量。结果显示,分别有56.8%和60.8%的果园背景土壤和农化土壤pH值适宜甜橙生长,农化土壤酸性土比例增加;背景土壤和农化土壤有机质含量不足（<15 mg?Kg-1）的比例分别为77.3%和85.3%,碱解氮处于适宜范围的比例分别为56.8%和61.5%,有效钙过剩（高量和过量）的比例分别为79.6%和76.7%;背景土壤有效磷、钾不足(缺乏和低量)的比例分别为95.4%和72.8%,有效锌、硼不足的比例分别为54.5%和70.5%;农化土壤有效磷、钾不足的比例分别为60.8%和57.6%,有效锌、硼不足比例分别为65.9%和90.7%。背景土壤和农化土壤有效镁、铁、锰及铜不足和过量并存。总体而言,土壤养分状况中等偏差;与背景土壤相比,农化土壤pH值、有机质、有效钙、锌和硼含量下降且缺锌严重,其它养分含量则有所上升。     

菌剂挂膜3D-RBC联合BCO工艺处理养猪沼液废水

针对养猪沼液废水寡营养、高氨氮的水质特征,该研究采用耐高氨氮、适应贫营养生长的异养硝化-好氧反硝化（Heterotrophic Nitrification-Aerobic Denitrification,以下简称HN-AD）菌挂膜启动三维结构生物转盘+生物接触氧化反应器（3D-RBC+BCO）组合工艺对沼液进行处理。该文研究了3D-RBC+BCO组合工艺在真实沼液条件下的启动过程及污染物去除效果,重点考察了溶解氧（Dissolved Oxygen,DO）浓度和C/N比2个关键因素对组合工艺污染物去除效果的影响。同时,借助高通量测序技术对DO和C/N比优化过程中微生物群落结构的变化规律进行解析。结果表明：在真实沼液条件下,采用HN-AD菌剂挂膜启动方法,仅用12和18 d就分别完成3D-RBC和BCO反应器的挂膜启动,同时组合工艺对COD、NH4+-N和TN的去除率分别稳定在94.8%、95.7%和80.1%,出水优于城镇污水厂排放一级B标准。在对3D-RBC反应器DO和C/N比的优化过程中,增设底曝后COD、NH4+-N和TN等指标的去除率分别降低了25.4%、15.4%和15.5%。高通量测序结果显示,增加底曝后3D-RBC盘片生物膜中微生物菌属的数量小幅下降,但HN-AD优势菌属的种类与丰度显著降低,导致脱氮效率下降;贫营养型Acinetobacter、Pseudomonas菌属是3D-RBC可以对真实沼液高效脱氮的关键,提高C/N比会显著降低其丰度,进而影响脱氮效果。     

桑叶粗多糖最佳提取工艺研究

为探究桑叶粗多糖最佳提取工艺,利用正交试验设计对桑叶粗多糖的提取工艺进行优化。以桑叶粗多糖得率为评价指标,以加水倍数、煎煮时间、煎煮次数为考察因素,设计3因素3水平正交试验,采用苯酚一硫酸比色法进行桑叶粗多糖含量测定,比较得出桑叶水提物的最佳制备工艺,并在此基础上考察不同浓度乙醇对桑叶粗多糖提取的影响。结果显示,煎煮次数对桑叶粗多糖提取率影响最大,当加水倍数为25倍,煎煮时间为2 h,煎煮2次时桑叶水提物中桑叶粗多糖提取率最高,为4.94%。但结合影响因素分析,最终确定桑叶水提物的最佳提取工艺为加25倍水,煎煮2 h,煎煮3次。乙醇浓度对桑叶粗多糖的含量及得率影响很大,70%乙醇醇沉所得水提物中桑叶粗多糖质量最大,40%乙醇醇沉所得桑叶粗多糖含量最高,平均含量达41.5%,显著高于其他乙醇浓度（P < 0.05）,提示乙醇浓度越高,桑叶粗多糖含量越低,但得率越高。桑叶粗多糖最佳提取工艺为：加水倍数为25倍,煎煮时间2 h,煎煮3次,采用70%乙醇醇沉。