黄土高原路面雨水的农业资源化利用技术

通过对黄土高原水资源现状分析,提出了采用消能淤泥坑,通过直接、间接将路面雨水引入农田"土壤水库"或时空可调节的自压式集流水窖等贮水设备中,并采用一定的耕作农艺措施将路面雨水利用到农田中的方法和技术.多年的甘肃定西试验和实践表明,使用这种技术不仅提高了天然降水的利用效率,而且简单易行,是黄土高原地区农业雨水资源利用的一个有效途径,同时该技术具有防止水土流失和改善旱区农业生态环境的效应.     

垄沟覆膜集雨系统膜垄保墒增温对马铃薯产量的影响

大田试验,观测半干旱黄土高原地区垄沟覆膜集雨系统中覆膜垄的增温保墒作用对马铃薯产量的影响.试验设4个处理,P30:30 cm宽垄覆膜,60 cm宽沟;P45:45 cm宽垄覆膜,60 cm宽沟;P60:60 cm宽垄覆膜,60cm宽沟;P0:裸地平作.结果表明,覆于垄上的地膜有提高垄下土壤温度和保持垄下土壤湿度的作用,集于沟中的部分降雨会渗透到垄下,形成降雨在沟中和垄下的分布.由于部分根系在膜垄下生长,从而使马铃薯受到地膜覆盖的增温保墒作用,生长迅速.P20、P45、P60的产量、水分利用效率显著高于裸地平作,而耗水量显著低于裸地平作.     

基于雨水利用的邢台市东三环景观设计研究

为了探索适于我国北方的雨水利用景观,通过调研以及多学科综合分析,在充分考虑雨水因素的前提下,遵循生态性原则、可持续发展原则和艺术性原则,提出邢台市东三环景观的设计构思、初步设计方案以及完整的雨水利用景观策略,形成景观明渠、下凹绿地汇集,雨水花园、人工湿地、透水铺装渗透过滤,旱溪、植草沟进行传输,蓄水模块和景观水体进行贮存利用的完整的雨水收集利用系统。经计算,该系统平均每年可收集雨水12 882.29m~3,创造价值51 529.16元,且对于增加生物多样性、调节城市小气候具有一定意义。     

不合理施肥引起高产稻田土壤退化研究

以湖南省醴陵市的健康稻田土壤——河沙泥和红黄泥为供试土壤,以常规早稻品种湘早籼17号、杂交晚稻品种金优207为供试作物,采用盆栽试验,研究了几种不合理施肥实践导致的健康稻田土壤的退化过程.主要结果如下:1)过量施肥引起土壤肥力过高和土壤供肥能力过强,不平衡施肥导致土壤肥力不平衡,二者均导致水稻生长不平衡和减产;长期不施肥对第一季的水稻产量影响较小,但第二季的水稻产量明显低于其他施肥处理.2)过量施肥导致土壤N,P,K的渗漏损失,以化学肥料的过量施用为甚.N,P,K素的渗漏损失分别主要发生在插秧后60,15,30 d.过量施用有机肥明显促进晚稻生育期间的磷素渗漏和对水体环境的污染.     

植被自然恢复对煤矸石堆场Fe/Mn淋溶迁移的影响及其作用效果

[目的] 探讨植被自然恢复下植被类型对煤矸石堆场Fe,Mn淋溶迁移的影响及其作用效果,为煤矿区煤矸石堆场的生态环境治理及生态修复提供科学依据。[方法] 通过对贵州省中部废弃煤矿区不同植被条件下煤矸石堆场地表径流进行采样分析,同时通过移植煤矸石堆场上生长的马尾松、光皮桦和类芦进行盆栽试验以及采集基质渗透水样品。[结果] 马尾松、光皮桦及类芦生长的煤矸石基质渗透水和煤矸石堆场地表径流水中Fe,Mn含量均显著地低于无植物生长的煤矸石,煤矸石堆场植被自然恢复后地表径流水中Fe,Mn含量下降率分别达45.27%~85.60%,60.17%~90.13%,植被作用效果的大小顺序为：马尾松幼林 > 阔叶树幼林 > 类芦草丛。同时,马尾松幼林、阔叶树幼林、类芦草丛煤矸石堆场地表径流水中泥沙含量分别比无植被裸露的煤矸石堆场平均减少了40.18%,30.67%,27.91%。煤矸石中矿物颗粒态Fe,Mn的迁移量也出现明显的降低。[结论] 植被自然恢复能显著地减少煤矸石堆场Fe,Mn向水体的迁移及改善废弃煤矿区地表水环境质量。植物生长,特别是马尾松生长对减少煤矸石中Fe向水体迁移产生的环境效应大于Mn。     

解决城市生态绿地灌溉用水的途径

水资源不足是制约我国经济、社会、生态可持续发展的主要因素。随着我国经济的持续稳定发展和城市化步伐的加快,我国经济社会发展和生态建设所面临的供水危机将会越来越严重,特别是城市生态绿地建设的供水问题,将会面临严峻的挑战。解决这些问题和迎接挑战迫切需要城市生态绿地建设供水理论和技术的创新。提出以城市污水的再生利用作为生态绿地供水的稳定水源。以城市雨水收集利用作为城市生态绿地供水的补充水源,配合高效节水灌溉技术与城市绿地水管理技术,实现以城市水资源培育城市绿地生态系统。     

尿素和茶树落叶对荒地土壤元素迁移的影响

用亚热带茶区的3 种未垦荒地土壤进行土柱模拟, 研究重施尿素和表覆茶树落叶对土壤中Si、Al、K、Na、Ca、Mg 等6 种元素迁移的影响。结果表明, Si 的淋出量和Al+ K+ Na + Ca +Mg 的淋出总量均以黄棕壤> 红壤> 赤红壤。尿素和茶树落叶处理对硅淋出量的影响较小, 但可使各土壤主要的淋失元素, 包括赤红壤中的Ca 和Na, 红壤中的Ca 和Al 及黄棕壤中的Na、Ca和Mg 的淋失量明显增大, 从而使Al+ K+ Na+ Ca+ Mg 的淋出总量在3 种土壤中分别比对照柱增加163 % 和58% 、64 % 和57 % 、140 % 和84 % , 尿素的促进盐基和Al 淋失作用比茶树落叶更强,两者都可加速土壤的酸化。     

Herbicide movement in soils: principles, pathways and processes

European legislation concerning ground- and surface-water quality and the protection of non-target organisms in surface-water from pesticide contamination has initiated more stringent data requirements from regulatory authorities concerning the movement of all pesticides in soils. Other interested parties, such as water companies, environment agencies and consumer-driven organizations, have sought to influence the use of herbicides and their impact on the environment. The resulting studies and associated research have led to a better understanding of the fate and behaviour of herbicides in the soil environment. The amount of herbicide that moves away from the area of application will depend on the physico-chemical properties of the chemical and the agroclimatic characteristics of the target site. Under average conditions, the amount of herbicide lost by movement from a soil profile is typically <0.1% to 1% of the applied mass but, under certain localized circumstances, can reach up to 5% or greater. Leaching, drain-flow and surface run-off are the main pathways responsible for herbicide movement within soils. The soil/herbicide processes determining the losses are also variable in both time and space. It is therefore necessary to understand the spatial characteristics of soils, their hydrology and the associated herbicide use patterns.     

氮素在紫色土中的移动和淋失研究

利用渗漏池研究了氮肥品种,用量对３种紫色土中ＮＯ３－Ｎ移动和淋失的影响,结果表明,旱作小麦生长期间淋失氮素主要是ＮＯ３－Ｎ,苗期是ＮＯ３－Ｎ移动最强的时期,下移后主要分布于２０－６０ｃｍ土层,以后各层中ＮＯ３－Ｎ逐渐稳定。     

Simulation of nitrogen dynamics in an alluvial sandy soil with drip fertigation of apple trees

Abstract. In order to optimize the management of the N-fertilizer inputs with drip fertigation on sandy-silt soil under apple tree orchard cultivation, we observed in situ: (i) the N and water soil transfers, (ii) the N levels in all leaves, fruits and annual shoots, and (iii) the root distribution. Then we used a mechanistic one-dimensional model (WAVE, Vanclooster et al. , 1994) to quantify the annual parameters of the water and nitrogen balance on a daily basis. The horizontal heterogeneity along the row of the tree-soil-dripper system has been treated with two adjacent compartments: one under the dripper and receiving fertigation and the other outside this zone. N transfers in the tree make it impossible to estimate directly N uptake by roots over time.
The simulated N losses were due to equal amounts of N leaching below 0.9 m deep (9 g N tree⁻¹year⁻¹ and denitrification (7 g N tree⁻¹year⁻¹. The simulated losses of gaseous N were localized predominantly in the compartment under the dripper and showed a higher rate of leaching during the period of N input when the wet conditions and the high NO₃⁻ concentrations were favourable to denitrification. The N-leaching at 0.9 m depth was greatest outside the growing season and was caused by the extension of the N-inputs after the harvest date. This practice, based on the objective to store nitrogen before the period of dormancy does not seem to be justified.