城市土壤重金属有机酸淋溶特征与动力学机制

以典型工业城陕西省铜川市土壤为研究对象,采用BCR(欧共体标准物质局)连续形态分级法和Hakanson潜在风险指数法分别研究了人类活动性元素Pb,Cu,Cr,Zn的形态分布特征、环境迁移与生态风险;利用振荡浸提动力学试验(25℃平衡振荡24h)探讨了人工合成低氨基多羧酸(APCAs)乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、二乙烯三胺五乙酸(DTPA)和低分子有机酸(LMWOAs)抗坏血酸(Vc)对重金属Pb,Cu,Cr,Zn的淋溶解吸特征与动力学机制。结果表明,铜川市工业区土壤重金属污染程度严重,总体潜在生态风险程度较强;重金属Zn和Cu的环境迁移趋势较大。淋溶动力学试验表明,不同类型有机酸对土壤Pb,Cr,Cu和Zn的淋溶解吸具有相似的动力学过程,但淋溶速率和解吸量随有机酸的不同各异。重金属Pb,Cr,Cu和Zn各形态量之和与有机酸EDTA和DTPA淋溶解吸量呈指数关系,而与低分子有机酸Vc淋溶解吸量成线性关系。从而进一步表明低分子有机酸Vc与氨基多羧酸类有机酸EDTA和DTPA对土壤重金属Pb,Cr,Cu,Zn淋溶解吸机制不同。     

吉林省雨水资源化利用探讨

从吉林省水资源特点分析入手,提出了雨水资源的有效集蓄利用是补充流域水资源总量不足的重要因素,探讨了在吉林省雨水资源主要利用途径是首先在小流域规划中作好雨水资源利用规划;其次是建设以水土保持治沟骨干工程为主的沟道坝系,强化坡面集雨工程和林草植被建设,增大贮水空间;第三是充分利用田间工程和水利工程集雨蓄水,使降雨就地就近被拦蓄,最终使水环境得以修复。     

杨凌农业高新产业示范区雨水资源化探索

雨水是一种宝贵的资源，雨水资源化是解决水资源短缺的有效措施之一。在分析杨凌水资源利用现状的基础上，从科技优势、土壤条件、降雨总量、公共面积等几个方面分析了雨水利用的可行性，探讨了雨水在杨凌区有效利用的途径，提出了强化制度建设、提高政策引导、加强统一管理、引入市场机制等雨水资源化的保障机制。     

Effective alleviation of Cd stress to microbial communities in mining reclamation soils by thiourea-modified biochar amendment

Reclaimed soils in mining area usually display low fertility and present Cd stress. The amendment of modified biochar effectively fixes Cd in soils,enhances soil fertility, and reduces Cd stress in soil microorganisms. However, the effect of thiourea-modified biochar(TBC) on microbial adaptability to Cd stress in mining reclamation soils is still unclear. The present work studied the Cd immobilization and microbial community changes in a mining reclamation soil displaying extreme Cd contaminatio...     

Nitrogen release dynamics of a slow release urea pellet and its effect on growth,yield, and nutrient uptake of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

Manure urea pellets were produced and their nitrogen release rate was evaluated in soil incubation at different water contents of 90, 75, and 60% soil filed capacity (FC). In another experiment, sweet basil growth was evaluated during eight months (with three shoot harvests) under the pellet application. The nitrogen release and pellet dispersion rates were slow after two months or at lower soil water content (60% FC), but they were significant after four months of soil incubation, or at higher soil water content (75 or particularly 90% FC). Application of pelleted urea reduced plant growth and yield at first harvest than urea treatment. However, at second and particularly at third harvest (and the average of three harvests) significant improvement in growth parameters of SPAD value, leaf area, plant height, shoot fresh weight, pot yield, and` leaf N and K concentrations were achieved by application of pelleted urea fertilization.     

Nutrient losses from rain‐fed bench terraced cultivation systems in high rainfall areas of the mid‐hills of Nepal

Between the elevations of 1000 and 2000 m in the mid‐hills of Nepal, over 12 million people subsist on land‐holdings of less than 0·5 ha. These farmers have limited access to commercial inputs such as fertilisers and are reliant on organic manures for soil fertility maintenance. Participatory research was conducted with farmers on bari land (upper slope rain‐fed crop terraces) in the hill community of Landruk (bench terraces 0–5° slope, 3000–3500 mm annual rainfall, which aimed to develop soil and water management interventions that controlled erosion without resulting in high leaching, and so were effective in minimising total nutrient losses. Interventions tested were the control of water movement through diversion of run‐on and planting fodder grasses on terrace risers on bench terraces. The interventions were effective in reducing soil loss from the bari land in comparison with existing farmer practices, but no effect was observed on nutrient losses in solution form through runoff and leaching. Losses of NO₃‐N in leachate ranged from 17·3 to 99·7 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, but only 0·7 to 5·6 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in runoff. The overall nutrient balance suggests that the system is not sustainable. Fertility is heavily dependent on livestock inputs and if the current trends of declining livestock numbers due to labour constraints continue, further losses in productivity can be expected. However, farmers are interested in interventions that tie ecosystem services with productivity enhancement and farmers' priorities should be used as entry points for promoting interventions that are system compatible and harness niche opportunities. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大型雨水集蓄工程的规划设计及应用

在黄土高原的黄土丘陵沟壑区因地制宜建设大型雨水集蓄工程,可有效利用雨水资源,为水保措施和当地群众的生产生活服务。大型雨水集蓄工程具有易管护、自动化程度高、集蓄的雨水干净等特点。提出了大型雨水集蓄工程的规划设计方法,并进行了实例分析。     

湿润地区连栋温室集雨量与蓄水容积计算

湿润地区降水量大,连栋温室集雨设计应以经济、适度集蓄为目标,需要确定合适集雨量和集雨池容积。为探明一种简便的计算方法,该文首先提出集雨容积模数用以描述雨水收集能力与收集程度,然后通过集雨量计算统计,选用origin8.0软件内含指数函数模型进行模拟,建立了集雨容积模数与雨水收集率的拟合方程,并提出集雨量计算式,且计算准确度不受降雨量大小影响。应用时,可利用公式和方程,测算任意集雨面积的全年可集雨总量,按集雨计划确定集雨容积模数,即可计算设计集雨池容积,计算方法对南方湿润地区的温室大棚集雨工程设计有广泛的应用和参考价值。     

农田土壤重金属淋洗剂筛选与效应分析

为分析不同淋洗剂在不同淋洗条件下对重金属淋洗效果的影响,采用振荡淋洗法对比研究4种淋洗剂(柠檬酸(CA)、酒石酸(TA)、乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐(EDTA)和氨三乙酸三钠盐(NTA))不同浓度、淋洗时间、pH和固液比对重金属复合污染农田土壤中Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn的淋洗效果及单因素最佳淋洗条件下土壤淋洗前后重金属不同形态含量的变化。结果表明,CA和TA的最佳淋洗浓度为0.3mol/L,EDTA和NTA为0.05mol/L;CA和NTA的最佳淋洗时间为480min,EDTA和TA为720min;4种淋洗剂的最佳淋洗pH均为3,最佳固液比均为1∶20。单因素最佳淋洗条件下,EDTA对土壤重金属去除效果最佳,对Pb、Cd、Zn和Cu的去除率分别为67.4%,61.0%,13.8%和76.0%;NTA效果次之,去除率分别为41.6%,42.4%,9.9%和54.3%。土壤重金属去除率随淋洗剂pH的降低而升高,随固液比的增加而增加,随淋洗剂CA与TA浓度增大而增大。淋洗剂对土壤重金属的解吸动力学曲线符合准二级动力学模型,解吸过程为化学解吸,且解吸反应速率受土壤重金属含量与淋洗剂浓度控制。土壤重金属在淋洗剂作用下的解吸速率为Cd>Pb≈Zn≈Cu。EDTA和NTA淋洗显著降低土壤中Pb、Cd、Zn和Cu铁锰氧化态和有机结合态的含量,CA和TA显著降低Pb、Cd、Zn和Cu铁锰氧化态的含量。淋洗剂对重金属的去除效率为EDTA>NTA>CA>TA。     

福建菜田氮磷积累状况及其淋失潜力研究

本文通过采集460个福建菜田代表性耕层土样,采用土壤测试和土柱渗漏水模拟试验的方法研究菜田土壤硝态氮和Olsen P含量状况和淋失临界指标及其淋失潜力。结果表明,耕层土壤硝态氮含量为47.455.5 mg/kg,Olsen-P含量则为61.743.2 mg/kg, 其中瓜果类蔬菜种植地土壤硝态氮和Olsen-P含量明显高于叶菜类和根茎类蔬菜种植地。 应用双速率转折点建模法,得到氮、 磷淋失临界指标X0分别为土壤硝态氮76.3 mg/kg和Olsen-P 42.8 mg/kg。 淋失临界值相当于或略高于满足蔬菜营养的农学指标。当土壤硝态氮或Olsen-P含量低于X0时,随着其含量增加,渗漏水硝态氮或总磷浓度以线性方式缓慢增加,反之,则以非线性形式急剧增大。土壤硝态氮和Olsen-P含量高于其X0的土样数分别占17.9%和81.3%, 表明这些样点具有较高的氮、 磷淋失潜力,是氮、 磷污染控制的关键地块。 瓜果类菜田土壤硝态氮和Olsen-P含量高于其X0的土样数分别占到32.3%和96.3%,淋失潜力明显高于叶菜类和根茎类菜田,是氮、 磷污染控制的优先区域。