车载雨水回收利用系统设计

通过对乘用车辆发动机舱雨水泄漏点和导水槽的研究,开发设计了一套简单、便捷、可收集利用雨水的车载雨水回收利用系统。雨水被储存在系统中的储液罐中,利用时可将其从储液罐喷出。车载雨水回收利用装置的推广与使用可有效解决行车过程中用水缺乏的问题,方便广大驾驶员对车辆进行简单擦洗,同时也可有效地利用天然水资源。     

太行山山前平原冬小麦生长季硝态氮的淋失研究

试验研究太行山山前平原冬小麦生长季NO3- N淋失结果表明 ,该区现有灌溉施肥制度冬小麦生长季存在NO3- N的淋失 ,且主要发生在底墒水和返青水灌溉时期。整个冬小麦生长季施N水平为 1 0 0kg hm2 、2 0 0kg hm2 和 4 0 0kg hm2 时 ,通过 1 80cm土层界面的NO3- N淋失量分别为 0 1kg hm2 、2 2 1kg hm2 和 1 1 0 1kg hm2 。     

甘肃中东部半干旱区集雨补灌技术研究

通过分析甘肃中东部黄土高原半干旱区集雨水源的基本特征和特点 ,提出不同作物在不同时期的补充灌溉定额、灌溉次数以及灌溉效果。试验研究表明 ,旱作区主要作物在作物关键需水期和受旱后补充灌水 ,有显著的增产、保苗和稳产效果 ,水分利用效率、供水效率显著增加。     

基于水盐平衡的绿洲灌区次生盐碱化防治研究

土壤次生盐碱化是威胁新疆绿洲灌区持续发展的关键因子。以位于塔里木河流域的渭干河灌区为例,在简要分析灌区水盐运移的控制因素基础上,以水盐均衡原理为指导,深入剖析了灌区-田块-作物根系3个尺度的土地盐分均衡特点及其相互关系,重点估算了淋洗需水量,简要讨论了次生盐碱化的驱动因子,最后从政策、技术与经济方面给出了控制次生盐碱化的对策。     

噻虫嗪在农田土壤中环境行为的研究进展

噻虫嗪是当前全球销售量最大的新烟碱类农药之一，随着噻虫嗪的广泛使用，噻虫嗪在土壤环境中的迁移转化和归宿问题成为研究热点。本文总结了噻虫嗪对陆生生物（蜜蜂、蚕、蚯蚓、鹌鹑）、水生生物（藻类、大型溞、斑马鱼等）以及土壤微生物的影响，系统综述了噻虫嗪在农田土壤中的残留、降解、吸附解析以及迁移与淋溶等环境行为及主要影响因素，并指出了噻虫嗪在农田土壤中环境行为相关研究存在的不足以及未来研究应该关注的重点和方向，以期为噻虫嗪的科学安全使用以及保障农田土壤生态环境健康提供科学依据。     

On-site remediation of chromium-contaminated sediments by combination of sediment washing and stabilization with magnesium oxide/limestone mixtures

Goal, Scope and Background  The remediation of heavy-metalcontaminated soils and sediments is of significant value to industrial areas around the world. The spread of such pollutants can result in a potential risk of entering the groundwater system and being transported to potential receptors. Leaching techniques can be an effective treatment option for the metal removal from soils and sediments. This approach consists of washing or leaching the contaminated soil with an appropriate reagent and the subsequent treatment of the leaching in an above-ground installation (on-site treatment) where metals can be removed and concentrated into a smaller volume. Among the heavy metals, chromium is a commonly identified soil contaminant, particularly in sites with intensive economic activities including agriculture, industrial, mining and mineral,processing. Objective  The objective of this work was the evaluation and development of a leaching process for the remediation of soils and sediments polluted with chromium at laboratory scale. Chromium soil pollution was generated after the breakdown of a channel containing chromium wastes from a tannery plant. The pollution extension has been estimated to be on the order of thousands of tonnes of soil to be treated, with chromium contents ranging from 500 to 17,000 mg kg^-1 soil. Methods  The whole process investigated in this study integrates three stages; a) chromium leaching from a sediment using a diluted sulphuric acid solution, b) treatment of the leaching effluents with a magnesium oxide/limestone mixture for the precipitation of chromium hydroxide after acidity neutralisation, and c) polishing step to remove the eventual remaining chromium by adsorption onto natural zeolite. The amount of contaminated sediment treated ranged from 0.5 to 2 kg with chromium contents of between 2000 and 17,000 mg kg^-1. Results and Discussion  The paper describes results on the performance of the process and the optimisation of steps including influence of acid sulphuric concentration, chromium removal efficiency as well as alkaline reactive mixture proportions. Effluents from the leaching cells showed a significant decay on the chromium concentration with the increase of leaching runs and a high content of acidity (pH values close to 0.5). The treatment of these effluents in a second cell containing magnesium oxide/ limestone mixtures resulted in a high efficiency in neutralisation of acidity (pH values around 7) and chromium removal (concentrations below 5 mg 1^-1). The passage through a third compartment containing zeolite as an adsorbent decreased the chromium concentration below 0.5 mg 1^-1, Conclusions  From the results obtained on the chromium leaching and immobilisation with magnesium oxide/limestone mixture at a laboratory scale, it could be pointed out that: (a) diluted sulphuric acid solutions (3%) demonstrated a high efficiency on chromium removal from sandy polluted soils on the kilogram scale, (b) mixtures of magnesium oxide/limestone demonstrated a high capacity to neutralise the residual high acidity present on the effluents and to remove chromium by precipitation and (c) between the limestone and caustic magnesia mixtures, those containing more than 60% of caustic magnesia provide the higher efficiency. Recommendation and Outlook  Future work would be directed to the evaluation of the integrated process of leaching and chromium precipitation on column at a scale of 100 to 1000 kg.     

The effects of crop husbandry and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrate leaching from a shallow limestone soil growing a five course combinable crop rotation

Abstract. Nitrogen (N) leaching losses from a shallow limestone soil growing a five course combinable croprotation (oilseed rape, wheat, peas, wheat, barley) were measured from 1990 until 1995 using porous ceramic cups, at 60 cm depth, and drainage estimates. The crops were grown with three husbandry systems and two levels of N fertilizer. The husbandry systems were designed to reflect local practice (Standard), the best possible techniques to reduce N loss (Protective) and an Intermediate system which was a compromise between the two. Nitrogen was applied at full and half recommended rates. Drainage started during September in four years and November in one year, with above average drainage in three years. Losses of N were largest after peas (58 kg/ha) and oilseed rape (42 kg/ha), and least (17 kg/ha) before peas sown in spring after a cover crop. Over five years, the Protective management system, which used early sowing and shallow cultivation wherever possible, lost least N (31 kg/ha/y) and the Standard system, with conventional drilling dates and ploughing as the primary cultivation, lost most (49 kg/ha/y). Halving the N fertilizer decreased N loss by 11 kg/ha/y, averaged over the rotation. None of the treatments gave mean drainage water nitrate concentrations of less than 50 mg/l, averaged over the five years. Changes to arable cropping alone will not eliminate the need for other measures to control nitrate concen-trations in public drinking water supplies.     

雨水利用与水土保持和农业持续发展

雨水资源是西北黄土高原旱作区农田生产的主要水源。该区域年均雨水总量２７５７亿ｍ＾３，是当前前年地表水和地下水用量的９．２倍。因降水时空分布不均，“易失多变”，水土流失和干旱问题严重，卫水利用率４０％左右，作物水分利用效率仅３．０－４．５ｋｇ（ｈｍ＾２．ｍｍ）。人工收集与调配利用雨水，是水土保持和农业生产的一个结合点，可使降寸桑加增效，人工收集利用雨水在西北历史悠久，有坝、塘、池、井、窖和卫坡梯田等     

下辽河平原潮棕壤稻田的无机态氮淋溶

应用陶土渗滤管法．研究了不同施氮和渗漏条件下潮棕壤稻田的氮淋溶损失。结果表明：稻季各次施用氮肥后，60cm和90cm深处渗漏液中NH4^＋-N含量都小于2mg／L。并且各施氮肥处理和对照间差别不显著；但硝酸盐淋溶比较显著，多集中在3～15mg／L之间。硝酸盐淋溶随施氮量增加而增加，90cm深度渗漏液中这一趋势更为明显。水分渗漏状况影响硝酸盐在不同土层深度的累积：渗水越快。硝酸盐淋溶深度越大。渗水较快或者施氮量高时，硝酸盐的淋溶浓度高于国际饮用水卫生标准10mg／L。施用基肥后灌水．NH4^＋ -N、NO3^- -N立即出现高峰．而施用分蘖肥和穗肥后，高峰出现在施肥后10d或更久；另处基肥时期淋溶氮的浓度也比较高。     

田林老山中山杉木人工林生产力及营养元素循环的研究

广西田林县老山林场中山区气候冷凉潮湿,土壤肥力较高,能满足杉木速生要求。17年生杉木人工林乔木层的生物量达138.46t/ha,平均净生产量为8.15t/ha·a,与杉木中心产区相当。乔木层对N,P,K,Ca,Mg5种营养元素的吸收量为224.04kg/ha·a,其中42.3％存留在林木层,42.5％通过凋落物,15.2％通过降雨淋洗归还土壤。通过凋落物归还是N,P,Ca,Mg归还的主要途径,K的归还主要通过降雨淋洗;K,Ca,Mg的循环系数较大,分别达到0.58,0.68和0.60;N,P相对较小,分别为0.48和0.33。林木正处于生长旺盛阶段,杉木对5种营养元素的吸收量、存留量和归还量以及循环系数都有较高水平,生物量积累也较大。