氮肥对水稻不同生长期土壤不同深度氮素渗漏的影响

为了探明太湖地区氮肥施用对水稻不同生长期稻田土壤氮素渗漏的影响,利用渗漏管进行了原位监测。结果表明：①土壤各层(20 ~ 40、40 ~ 60、60 ~ 80和80 ~ 120 cm)渗漏液中铵态氮(NH4+-N)的平均浓度在水稻分蘖期较高,而硝态氮(-N)和全氮(TN-N)的平均浓度则在苗期相对较高。渗漏液中NH4+-N和TN-N浓度随土壤深度增加基本呈降低趋势。②以土壤80 ~ 120 cm深处渗漏量为进入地下水的氮素渗漏量,发现TN-N渗漏量占施肥量的比例为1.69% ~ 2.04%。分蘖期的NH4+-N渗漏量相对较多,而苗期-N和TN-N相对较多,总TN-N渗漏量中NH4+-N和-N基本无差异。③氮肥用量增加降了氮肥利用效率,加剧了土壤各层氮素渗漏风险。当施氮量由N 200增至270 kg/hm2时,氮肥表观利用率下降7.14%,下渗至地下水中的TN-N增加12.3%。     

保水材料对河套灌区土壤硝态氮和铵态氮动态变化的影响

为了研究内蒙古河套灌区农业化肥面源污染检测和治理措施,采用大田土壤淋溶试验,分析了河套灌区农田在保水材料处理下,玉米生育期内土壤硝态氮、铵态氮累积量及动态变化特征。结果表明,与CK相比,保水材料处理玉米苗期土壤NO_3~--N累积量平均提高20.49%,收获期平均降低13.98%;苗期土壤NH_4~+-N累积量平均提高35.21%,收获期平均降低28.93%。保水材料有效地抑制了氮素的淋溶损失,提高了氮素利用率,同时保证了玉米生育后期有效氮的供应,避免短时间内氮素的大量累积,在一定程度上减少了化肥面源污染,为农业面源污染治理提供有力措施。     

The effect of plastic mulch on the fate of urea-N in rain-fed maize production in a semiarid environment as assessed by 15N-labeling

A better understanding of the fate of fertilizer nitrogen (N) is critical to design appropriate N management strategies in plastic-mulched croplands. We evaluated the effects of plastic mulch on urea-N recovery by crops and loss from soil in furrow-ridge plots, with and without maize (Zea mays L.) cropping, in a semi-arid rain-fed site in China. We applied the same rate of urea-N (281 kg ha⁻¹) to all treatments during the preparation of the furrow-ridges in 2011 and 2012 but ¹⁵N-labeled the urea in 2011 only. We used transparent film to cover all soil surfaces in the mulched treatments and seeded maize in furrows in treatments with crop. In 2011, plastic mulch increased the total N uptake in the aboveground biomass of maize by 53%, whereas it decreased the in-season labeled-N uptake by 19%, compared to non-mulched treatment. At harvest in 2011, in mulched treatments the total labeled-N remaining in the 0−170 cm soil layer was 25% greater whereas unaccounted labeled-N was 69% less, than in non-mulched treatments, regardless of whether maize was cropped. In 2012 the effect of mulch on total maize N uptake was comparable to that in 2011, but the residual soil labeled-N uptake by maize was 63% higher in mulched compared to non-mulched treatment. At harvest in 2012, plastic mulch increased total labeled-N remaining in the 0−170 cm depth in cropped soils and unaccounted labeled-N in non-cropped soils, compared with no mulch. Our results indicate that plastic mulch profoundly changes the fate of urea-N in maize production in cold and dry croplands.     

Evaluating irrigation strategies for lettuce by simulation: 2. Nitrogen budget

A mechanistic water-flow, solute transport and crop growth model was used to compare three irrigation strategies for lettuce in French Mediterranean conditions: (1) the current strategy based on the occurrence of rainfall, (2) a strategy based on a simplified modelling of the soil water balance and (3) a strategy based on tensiometer readings. Water and solute instantaneous fluxes versus time were simulated for two growing periods (summer and autumn) over 100 years. The climatic data were provided by a weather generator. Leenhardt et al. (1998) compared the three strategies with regard to their effects on water flows in the soil. The present paper deals with their effects on the nitrogen balance and particularly nitrate leaching.

The three strategies rank similarly for all processes of the N cycle. Strategy 1 generates soil water content conditions favourable to denitrification and nitrate leaching and less favourable to mineralisation and nitrification, leading to a low NO⁻₃ availability for the crop, and thus a low nitrate uptake. Strategy 1 minimizes the water stress but induces the maximum nitrogen stress. At the other extreme is strategy 3, whereas strategy 2 has an intermediate position, but closer, however, to strategy 3 than 1. A direct conclusion would suggest avoiding strategy 1 and choosing strategy 3.     

4种荚蒾属植物种子内源抑制物存在特征初探

通过荚蒾种子浸提液对小白菜种子萌发的抑制作用,分析探讨荚蒾种子内源抑制物主要存在部位及其可溶性化学特征,为荚蒾属植物种子破除休眠提供科学依据。实验结果表明:4种荚蒾种子水和甲醇浸提液对小白菜种子萌发和胚根生长都有抑制作用,种皮水溶性抑制物活性:蒙古荚蒾朝鲜荚蒾暖木条荚蒾鸡树条荚蒾,胚乳水溶性抑制物活性:蒙古荚蒾鸡树条荚蒾暖木条荚蒾朝鲜荚蒾;种皮脂溶性抑制物活性:暖木条荚蒾蒙古荚蒾朝鲜荚蒾鸡树条荚蒾,胚乳脂溶性抑制物活性:鸡树条荚蒾朝鲜荚蒾蒙古荚蒾暖木条荚蒾。鸡树条荚蒾、朝鲜荚蒾、暖木条荚蒾内源抑制物主要是脂溶性物质,前两者较集中分布于胚乳,后者多存在于种皮;蒙古荚蒾以胚乳中水溶性抑制物为主。     

简单屋顶绿化的滞蓄特性

设计了模拟降雨与数据采集系统,研究了短时强降雨下简单屋顶绿化基质(配比：陶粒57.0%、草炭41.5%、保水剂1.5%)的降雨产流过程,基于37次模拟降雨实验,归纳了降雨产流的一般过程、规律和特性,分析了降雨强度、基质厚度和基质初始含水率对简单屋顶绿化滞流蓄水特性的影响。结果表明：基质厚度和基质初始含水率对简单屋顶绿化的蓄水特性有显著影响,基质初始含水率越低、基质厚度越厚时蓄水特性越佳。建立了产流时间数学模型,简单屋顶绿化降雨产流时间与降雨强度呈负相关,同时也受初始含水量和基质厚度影响。随着干湿循环次数增加,基质的厚度总体呈现下降趋势,储水性能逐渐下降,延迟产流时间逐渐缩短。     

2种纳氏比色法检测土壤铵态氮的对比

笔者对2种纳氏试剂比色方法检测土壤铵态氮进行了对比性试验,一种是常规的纳氏试剂比色法（常规法）,一种是改进后的纳氏比色法（速测法）,试验证明了速测法具有检测线性范围宽0~168mg/kg的优点,整个过程检测时间为25min,比常规法缩短一半;显色灵敏,显色稳定时间长,可稳定几小时以上;检测结果直接显示土壤中养分含量;操作方便快捷;成品试剂,不需要操作人员自配;检测成本低等优点。便携式速测仪及配套的检测方法满足基层测土配方施肥使用。     

生物炭配施沼液对淋溶状态下土壤养分的影响

为探讨生物炭配施沼液对土壤养分淋失的影响,通过室内土柱试验,采用三因素三水平正交试验方法,系统研究了生物炭添加量、淋溶强度、沼液施加量对土壤养分淋失及土壤养分垂直分布的影响规律。结果表明,土壤养分淋失主要集中在前8次,后期淋失量均维持在较低水平并趋于稳定。各因素对氨态氮、速效磷、速效钾淋失的影响由大到小依次为淋溶强度、生物炭添加量、沼液施加量,而对硝态氮淋失量的影响由大到小依次为生物炭添加量、沼液施加量、淋溶强度。添加生物炭能明显减少养分淋失,且添加生物炭的0～20cm深度土壤的养分明显高于未添加生物炭的20～40cm土壤,各因素对氨态氮、硝态氮、速效钾在土壤中的含量影响差异显著,而对速效磷的影响则无显著差异。     

Cover crop effects on nitrogen load in tile drainage from Walnut Creek Iowa using root zone water quality (RZWQ) model

Studies quantifying winter annual cover crop effects on water quality are mostly limited to short-term studies at the plot scale. Long-term studies scaling-up water quality effects of cover crops to the watershed scale provide more integrated spatial responses from the landscape. The objective of this research was to quantify N loads from artificial subsurface drainage (tile drains) in a subbasin of the Walnut Creek, Iowa (Story county) watershed using the hybrid RZWQ-DSSAT model for a maize (Zea mays L.)-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and maize-maize-soybean rotations in all phases with and without a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cover crop during a 25-year period from 1981 to 2005. Simulated cover crop dry matter (DM) and N uptake averaged 1854 and 36 kg ha⁻¹ in the spring in the maize-soybean phase of the 2-year rotation and 1895 and 36 kg ha⁻¹ in the soybean-maize phase during 1981-2005. In the 3-year rotation, cover crop DM and N uptake averaged 2047 and 44 kg ha⁻¹ in the maize-maize-soybean phase, 2039 and 43 kg ha⁻¹ in the soybean-maize-maize phase, and 1963 and 43 kg ha⁻¹ in the maize-soybean-maize phase during the same period. Annual N loads to tile drains averaged 29 kg ha⁻¹ in the maize-soybean phase and 25 kg ha⁻¹ in the soybean-maize phase compared to 21 and 20 kg ha⁻¹ in the same phases with a cover crop. In the 3-year rotation, annual N loads averaged 46, 43, and 45 kg ha⁻¹ in each phase of the rotation without a cover crop and 37, 35, and 35 kg ha⁻¹ with a cover crop. These results indicate using a winter annual cover crop can reduce annual N loads to tile drains 20-28% in the 2-year rotation and 19-22% in the 3-year rotation at the watershed subbasin scale over a 25-year period.     

滨海吹填土灌排工程改良效果研究

通过田间试验,对灌排工程改良措施改良滨海吹填土的效果进行了研究。结果表明,改良过程中排水工程从小区排出了大量的盐分,排出水矿化度从55.109g/L下降到5g/L左右。灌排措施下,300mm左右的淋洗水量能使0～40cm土层土壤脱盐率达到约65%,但不能使0～100cm土体整体脱盐;约700mm淋洗用水量能使0～100...