肥料氮素在土娄土中的淋溶

采用室内土柱恒温条件下模拟研究粪肥或／和尿素混施入土娄土耕层后在多次灌溉下对铵态氮、硝态氮和水溶性有机态氮的淋溶深度和数量的影响。结果表明：三种施肥处理淋出液中氮素形态均以硝态氮为主，且淋溶到９０ｃｍ土层以下，有机、无机肥混施后减少了无机肥中硝态氮的淋溶率；无机肥和有机、无机肥混施处理以铵态氮次之，其量与土层深度呈对数式衰减，显著淋溶到３０ｃｍ土层；而有机肥处理以有机态氮次之，显著淋溶到３０ｃｍ土层，５０ｃｍ以下含量甚微。硝态氮和水溶性有机氮随灌溉水向下迁移，对底土具有培肥作用。     

有机农业土壤氮素流失与防止措施

根据国外资料,综述了有机农业土壤氮素流失规律与防止措施。综述指出,虽然有机农业生产方式可有效地减少氮素流失,但仍然存在流失的可能性。有机氮肥只有在微生物降解为可溶性氮素后,才能被作物大量吸收。这种降解过程是持续进行的、受诸多因素影响的。可溶性氮素流失的规律与集约农业相似,土壤可储藏氮素的观念是错误的。田间植物对氮素的吸收和合理的氮肥使用技术,可有效地减少氮素淋失。     

铁屑修复地浸采铀地下水中硝酸盐污染的研究

以废铁屑为原料,对地浸采铀地下水中的硝酸盐氮污染进行修复实验,研究了溶液pH、地下水中主要共存离子以及不同柱填料对NO-3-N去除率的影响,同时结合粉煤灰预处理技术,对实验条件下铁屑去除硝酸盐的污染进行了探讨。结果表明:铁屑可有效去除地下水中的NO-3-N,其去除率随pH的降低而逐渐升高;溶液中共存的Ca2 、Mg2 对NO-3-N的去除影响不大,而SO42-、HCO-3的存在可明显降低NO-3-N去除效果;实验室条件下,单独采用铁屑去除地浸采铀地下水中的NO-3-N,反应5h去除率为93%,经粉煤灰预处理后,反应4h,NO3--N去除率可达到98.6%。     

冬小麦土壤无机氮淋失规律及灌水施氮量的推荐

通过田间试验,研究了冬小麦不同水肥处理下土壤无机氮动态及其对产量的影响,目的在于探明河北平原高产田区水肥迁移规律,为有效指导水肥运筹、提高水肥利用率提供科学依据。结果表明,同一土层中,不同施氮水平和取样时期土壤NH 4-N含量无显著差异。随施氮量的增加土壤硝态氮逐渐增加,随灌水量的增加土壤硝态氮呈向下迁移的趋势;冬小麦生长季中土壤硝态氮的淋失主要发生在底墒水和返青灌水时期;施肥和灌水通过作用于成穗数、穗粒数和千粒重等作物产量构成因子和植株体内含氮量来达到影响作物产量。河北平原地区小麦推荐经济施肥和灌水量为:施氮量203.17kg.hm-2,灌水量718.38m.3hm-2。     

对施入土壤中碳酸氢铵损失的研究

在氨挥发模拟系统中,调查施于土壤中碳酸氢铵挥发的过程及其影响因子。发现氨挥发在施肥后迅速发生,13h以内以氨的形态挥发损失掉的肥料氮量最多,这种损失与碳酸氢铵在土壤中的暴露表面有关。施肥方法、浇施碳酸氢铵的兑水量和土壤的水分状况等亦影响氨的挥发。在红黄壤和青紫泥中,条施覆土可减少碳酸氢铵的挥发,与过磷酸钙混合施用,48h内的挥发损失量可减少2％。当在露天或室内从盆钵土上加水淋溶,调查施用于土壤中碳酸氢铵的淋溶损失时,发现碳酸氢铵的淋溶损失(指纵向的损失)比挥发损失少得多。淋溶损失主要以NO_3~-—N的形式,也包括部分NH_4~+—N。碳酸氢铵与硝化抑制剂脒基硫脲(Carbamido sulphururea,简称ASU)混合施用,可以减少NO_3~-—N损失。浇施时NH_4~+—N比穴施损失小。     

0.2%苦皮藤素乳油在土壤中的吸附与降解

测定了0.2%苦皮藤素乳油在土壤中的吸附、淋溶与降解行为。结果表明,苦皮藤素在土壤中能被较好的吸附;在小麦地、蔬菜地和水稻田土壤中的生物半衰期依次为199.75,167.43和165.43h。     

Cover crop effects on nitrogen load in tile drainage from Walnut Creek Iowa using root zone water quality (RZWQ) model

Studies quantifying winter annual cover crop effects on water quality are mostly limited to short-term studies at the plot scale. Long-term studies scaling-up water quality effects of cover crops to the watershed scale provide more integrated spatial responses from the landscape. The objective of this research was to quantify N loads from artificial subsurface drainage (tile drains) in a subbasin of the Walnut Creek, Iowa (Story county) watershed using the hybrid RZWQ-DSSAT model for a maize (Zea mays L.)-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and maize-maize-soybean rotations in all phases with and without a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cover crop during a 25-year period from 1981 to 2005. Simulated cover crop dry matter (DM) and N uptake averaged 1854 and 36 kg ha⁻¹ in the spring in the maize-soybean phase of the 2-year rotation and 1895 and 36 kg ha⁻¹ in the soybean-maize phase during 1981-2005. In the 3-year rotation, cover crop DM and N uptake averaged 2047 and 44 kg ha⁻¹ in the maize-maize-soybean phase, 2039 and 43 kg ha⁻¹ in the soybean-maize-maize phase, and 1963 and 43 kg ha⁻¹ in the maize-soybean-maize phase during the same period. Annual N loads to tile drains averaged 29 kg ha⁻¹ in the maize-soybean phase and 25 kg ha⁻¹ in the soybean-maize phase compared to 21 and 20 kg ha⁻¹ in the same phases with a cover crop. In the 3-year rotation, annual N loads averaged 46, 43, and 45 kg ha⁻¹ in each phase of the rotation without a cover crop and 37, 35, and 35 kg ha⁻¹ with a cover crop. These results indicate using a winter annual cover crop can reduce annual N loads to tile drains 20-28% in the 2-year rotation and 19-22% in the 3-year rotation at the watershed subbasin scale over a 25-year period.     

滨海吹填土灌排工程改良效果研究

通过田间试验,对灌排工程改良措施改良滨海吹填土的效果进行了研究。结果表明,改良过程中排水工程从小区排出了大量的盐分,排出水矿化度从55.109g/L下降到5g/L左右。灌排措施下,300mm左右的淋洗水量能使0～40cm土层土壤脱盐率达到约65%,但不能使0～100cm土体整体脱盐;约700mm淋洗用水量能使0～100...     

Reduced metribuzin pollution with phosphatidylcholine-clay formulations

BACKGROUND: Metribuzin is a widely used herbicide that has been identified as a groundwater contaminant. In this study, slow‐release formulations of metribuzin were designed by encapsulating the active ingredient in phosphatidylcholine (PC) vesicles and adsorbing the vesicles onto montmorillonite. RESULTS: The maximum active ingredient content in the slow‐release formulations was 246 g kg^?1. Infrared spectroscopy results revealed that the hydrophobic interactions between metribuzin and the alkyl chains on PC were necessary for encapsulation. In addition, water bridges connecting the herbicide and the PC headgroup enhanced the solubility of metribuzin in PC. Adsorption experiments in soils were performed to evaluate the relationship between sorption and leaching. Funnel experiments in a sandy soil revealed that the herbicide was not irreversibly retained in the formulation matrix. In soil column experiments, PC–clay formulations enhanced herbicide accumulation and biological activity in the top soil layer relative to a commercial formulation. PC–clay formulations also reduced the dissipation of metribuzin by a factor of 1.6–2.5. CONCLUSIONS: A reduction in the recommended dose of metribuzin can be achieved by employing PC–clay formulations, which reduces the environmental risk associated with herbicide applications. Moreover, PC and montmorillonite are non‐toxic and do not negatively affect the environment. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of pesticide fate parameters and their uncertainty on the selection of 'worst-case' scenarios of pesticide leaching to groundwater

BACKGROUND: For the registration of pesticides in the European Union, model simulations for worst‐case scenarios are used to demonstrate that leaching concentrations to groundwater do not exceed a critical threshold. A worst‐case scenario is a combination of soil and climate properties for which predicted leaching concentrations are higher than a certain percentile of the spatial concentration distribution within a region. The derivation of scenarios is complicated by uncertainty about soil and pesticide fate parameters. As the ranking of climate and soil property combinations according to predicted leaching concentrations is different for different pesticides, the worst‐case scenario for one pesticide may misrepresent the worst case for another pesticide, which leads to ‘scenario uncertainty’. RESULTS: Pesticide fate parameter uncertainty led to higher concentrations in the higher percentiles of spatial concentration distributions, especially for distributions in smaller and more homogeneous regions. The effect of pesticide fate parameter uncertainty on the spatial concentration distribution was small when compared with the uncertainty of local concentration predictions and with the scenario uncertainty. CONCLUSION: Uncertainty in pesticide fate parameters and scenario uncertainty can be accounted for using higher percentiles of spatial concentration distributions and considering a range of pesticides for the scenario selection. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry