雨水利用与水土保持和农业持续发展

雨水资源是西北黄土高原旱作区农田生产的主要水源。该区域年均雨水总量２７５７亿ｍ＾３，是当前前年地表水和地下水用量的９．２倍。因降水时空分布不均，“易失多变”，水土流失和干旱问题严重，卫水利用率４０％左右，作物水分利用效率仅３．０－４．５ｋｇ（ｈｍ＾２．ｍｍ）。人工收集与调配利用雨水，是水土保持和农业生产的一个结合点，可使降寸桑加增效，人工收集利用雨水在西北历史悠久，有坝、塘、池、井、窖和卫坡梯田等     

下辽河平原潮棕壤稻田的无机态氮淋溶

应用陶土渗滤管法．研究了不同施氮和渗漏条件下潮棕壤稻田的氮淋溶损失。结果表明：稻季各次施用氮肥后，60cm和90cm深处渗漏液中NH4^＋-N含量都小于2mg／L。并且各施氮肥处理和对照间差别不显著；但硝酸盐淋溶比较显著，多集中在3～15mg／L之间。硝酸盐淋溶随施氮量增加而增加，90cm深度渗漏液中这一趋势更为明显。水分渗漏状况影响硝酸盐在不同土层深度的累积：渗水越快。硝酸盐淋溶深度越大。渗水较快或者施氮量高时，硝酸盐的淋溶浓度高于国际饮用水卫生标准10mg／L。施用基肥后灌水．NH4^＋ -N、NO3^- -N立即出现高峰．而施用分蘖肥和穗肥后，高峰出现在施肥后10d或更久；另处基肥时期淋溶氮的浓度也比较高。     

田林老山中山杉木人工林生产力及营养元素循环的研究

广西田林县老山林场中山区气候冷凉潮湿,土壤肥力较高,能满足杉木速生要求。17年生杉木人工林乔木层的生物量达138.46t/ha,平均净生产量为8.15t/ha·a,与杉木中心产区相当。乔木层对N,P,K,Ca,Mg5种营养元素的吸收量为224.04kg/ha·a,其中42.3％存留在林木层,42.5％通过凋落物,15.2％通过降雨淋洗归还土壤。通过凋落物归还是N,P,Ca,Mg归还的主要途径,K的归还主要通过降雨淋洗;K,Ca,Mg的循环系数较大,分别达到0.58,0.68和0.60;N,P相对较小,分别为0.48和0.33。林木正处于生长旺盛阶段,杉木对5种营养元素的吸收量、存留量和归还量以及循环系数都有较高水平,生物量积累也较大。     

The effect of precipitation and application rate on dicyandiamide persistence and efficiency in two Irish grassland soils

The nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) has had variable success in reducing nitrate () leaching and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from soils receiving nitrogen (N) fertilizers. Factors such as soil type, temperature and moisture have been linked to the variable efficacy of DCD. As DCD is water soluble, it can be leached from the rooting zone where it is intended to inhibit nitrification. Intact soil columns (15 cm diameter by 35 cm long) were taken from luvic gleysol and haplic cambisol grassland sites and placed in growth chambers. DCD was applied at 15 or 30 kg DCD/ha, with high or low precipitation. Leaching of DCD, mineral N and the residual soil DCD concentrations were determined over 8 weeks high precipitation increased DCD in leachate and decreased recovery in soil. A soil × DCD rate interaction was detected for the DCD unaccounted (proxy for degraded DCD). In the cambisol, degradation of DCD was high (circa 81%) and unaffected by DCD rate. In contrast, DCD degradation in the gleysol was lower and differentially affected by rate, 67 and 46% for the 15 and 30 kg/ha treatments, respectively. Variation in DCD degradation rates between soils may be related to differences in organic matter content and associated microbiological activity. Variable degradation rates of DCD in soil, unrelated to temperature or moisture, may contribute to changing DCD efficacy. Soil properties should be considered when tailoring DCD strategies for improving nitrogen use efficiency and crop yields, through the reduction of reactive nitrogen loss.     

不同施氮量对夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率及氮平衡的影响

通过田间小区试验研究了不同施氮量对夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率、硝酸盐淋溶及氮平衡的影响。结果表明,施氮对夏玉米子粒有显著的增产作用,但随施氮量的增加产量变化不大。氮肥利用率在9.2%~22.6%之间,随施氮量的增加而降低。施氮可明显提高0~160 cm剖面土壤NO3--N含量,而且随深度的增加NO3--N含量呈降低趋势,累积峰主要在20~60 cm之间。玉米收获后,随着施氮量的增加氮素的损失量增加,各施氮处理的硝态氮残留量在121~221 kg/hm2之间,以N250处理的残留量最高,残留率近65%。     

雨水调蓄工程与城市绿地建设结合途径初探

利用城市雨水是缓解城市用水紧张以及改善城市水环境的有效途径之一。绿地系统对雨水径流有渗透、蓄积、利用及削减污染的四重效用。在总结分析国家现行绿化规范的基础上,初步探讨城市绿地建设工作中可以与雨径流调蓄相结合的途径,并通过计算分析下凹式绿地和景观水体调蓄径流的可行性,为今后制定或完善绿地建设相关规范等提供一定的参考依据。     

水浸提银杏黄酮苷工艺的多元回归分析

用SPSS 10 .0 7统计软件包对水浸提银杏黄酮苷的工艺参数进行了多元回归统计分析 ,并根据回归拟合的多项式数学模型 ,讨论了水浸提法的较佳工艺条件。     

福建九仙山自然保护区云雾水、雨水的酸度分析

本文利用2003年在福建九仙山收集的云雾水和雨水酸度监测资料，对云雾水和雨水酸度的时空分布特征和化学组分进行分析，结果表明：2003年福建九仙山云雾水和雨水严重酸化，云雾水出现强酸的机会比雨水高出近一倍；云雾水、雨水的酸度和酸雨出现率随季节而变化；西风影响时云雾水的酸度最大，北风时雨水为酸性，东南风时出现强酸雨的机会最多；云雾水和雨水受海洋因素影响明显，阴离子以Cl^-、阳离子以NH4^＋；为主，云雾水的致酸离子与碱性离子比值明显大于雨水．     

木材液相乙酰化及抗收缩效果的研究

本文研究了三种木材液相乙酰化的影响因素以及乙酰化木材的抗收缩效果。用乙酸酐作为乙酰剂和以二甲苯作为溶剂,处理材的增重与反应温度和时间存在着线性关系。反应的最佳温度为120℃,时间为7～11h,乙酸酐和二甲苯的容量比为1:1。乙酰化显著地提高了木材的尺寸稳定性。抗收缩率与处理材的增重成正比。当处理材的增重大于15％时可取得满意的抗收缩效果,抗收缩率达到60％以上。乙酰化木材经过了三次干燥—浸水循环试验,其结果表明乙酰化所取得的抗收缩效果有很强的抗流失性。本研究证实:乙酰化是提高木材尺寸稳定性的有效措施,对提高材质有重要意义。     

A flexible approach to managing variability in grain yield and nitrate leaching at within-field to farm scales

We up-scaled the APSIM simulation model of crop growth, water and nitrogen dynamics to interpret and respond to spatial and temporal variations in soil, season and crop performance and improve yield and decrease nitrate leaching. Grain yields, drainage below the maximum root depth and nitrate leaching are strongly governed by interaction of plant available soil water storage capacity (PAWC), seasonal rainfall and nitrogen supply in the water-limited Mediterranean-type environment of Western Australia (WA). APSIM simulates the interaction of these key system parameters and the robustness of its simulations has been rigorously tested with the results of several field experiments covering a range of soil types and seasonal conditions in WA. We used yield maps, soil and weather data for farms at two locations in WA to determine spatial and temporal patterns of grain yield, drainage below the maximum root depth and nitrate leaching under a range of weather, soil and nitrogen management scenarios. On one farm, we up-scaled APSIM simulations across the whole farm using local weather and fertiliser use data and the average PAWC values of soil type polygons. On a 70 ha field on another farm, we used a linear regression of apparent soil electrical conductivity (EC_a) measured by EM38 against PAWC to transform an EC_a map of the field into a high resolution (5 m grid) PAWC map. We then used regressions of simulated yields, drainage below the maximum root depth and nitrate leaching on PAWC to upscale the APSIM simulations for a range of weather and fertiliser management scenarios. This continuous mapping approach overcame the weakness of the soil polygons approach, which assumed uniformity in soil properties and processes within soil type polygons. It identified areas at greatest financial and environmental risks across the field, which required focused management and simulated their response to management interventions. Splitting nitrogen applications increased simulated wheat yields at all sites across the field and decreased nitrate leaching particularly where the water storage capacity of the soil was small. Low water storage capacity resulted in both low wheat yields and large leaching loss. Another management option to decrease leaching may be to grow perennial vegetation that uses more water and loses less by drainage.Paper from the 5th European Conference on Precision Agriculture (5ECPA), Uppsala, Sweden, 2005