旱地有限补充供水与覆盖保水效果研究

本文针对旱地作物长期受水分亏缺制约的问题，为了使有限降水资源得以高效利用，研究了几种作物需水关键期有限补充供水以及覆盖保水的效应，表明旱地有限供水的高效性和对提高经济效益的显著作用。提出了实现有限降水资源富集叠加高效利用建设旱区高产高效农田的技术途径。     

Impact of pig slurry on soil properties, water salinization, nitrate leaching and crop yield in a four-year experiment in Central Spain

Abstract. The repeated application of pig slurry to agricultural soils may result in an accumulation of salts and a risk of aquifer pollution due to nitrate leaching and salinization. Under Mediterranean conditions, a field experiment on a sandy loam soil (Typic Xerofluvent) was performed with maize (Zea mays) in 1998, 1999 and 2001 to study the effects of applying optimal (P1) and excessive rates (P3) of pig slurry on soil salinization, nitrate leaching and groundwater pollution. The rate of pig slurry was established considering the optimal N rate for maize in this soil (170, 162 and 176 kg N ha^?1 for 1998, 1999 and 2001, respectively). Pig slurry treatments were compared to an optimal N rate supplied as urea (U) and a control treatment without N fertilizer (P0). The composition of the slurries showed great variability between years. Mean NO₃^? leaching losses from 1998 to 2001 were 329, 215, 173 and 78 kg N ha^?1 for P3, P1, U and P0 treatments, respectively. The amount of total dissolved salts (TDS) added to the soil in slurry application between 1998 and 2001 was 2019 kg TDS ha^?1 for the P1 treatment and 6058 kg TDS ha^?1 for the P3 treatment. As a consequence, the electrical conductivity (EC) of the slurry‐treated soils was greater than that of the control soil. The EC correlated significantly with the sodium concentration of the soil solution. Over the entire experimental period, 2653, 2202 and 2110 kg Na ha^?1 entered the aquifer from the P3, P1 and P0 treatments, respectively. The P3 treatment did not significantly increase grain production in 1999 and 2001 compared with that achieved with the optimal N rate treatment (P1). This behaviour shows the importance of establishing application guidelines for pig slurry that will reduce the risk of soil and groundwater pollution.     

集雨农业雨水利用转化效率及其提高途径分析

集雨农业是指收集、存储雨水径流并将其作为农村家庭人畜饮用水、环境卫生用水和农业补充灌溉用水的农业生产活动,包括收集、存储、输送、利用等多个过程,但目前各地的集雨农业技术研究多注重单项技术研究,而没有把它们当作一个整体来进行研究,导致许多地方出现收集与存储、收集与利用、存储与输送、存储与利用等脱节的现象,使各个环节的雨水利用转化效率普遍偏低。本文首先比较系统完整地提出了集雨农业雨水利用转化效率的概念,将集雨农业的雨水收集、雨水存储、雨水输送和雨水利用等各个过程看作一个整体进行研究分析,然后结合有关试验资料提出了提高集雨农业雨水利用转化效率的途径。     

不同灌溉施肥方式的土壤硝态氮分布特性试验研究

通过大田测坑玉米种植试验研究,分析了常规畦灌和膜孔灌条件下农田土壤硝态氮的分布特性。结果表明:膜孔灌溉0~60 cm土层的硝态氮在作物的整个生育期变化较大,60 cm以下变化平缓,上下土层硝态氮含量差异相对较小。而常规畦灌在0~40 cm内变化较大,上下土层间硝态氮含量差异较大。两种灌溉方式,表层土壤的硝态氮含量在整个玉米生育期为双峰形式,以三叶期和抽穗期为最高。与常规畦灌相比,膜孔灌溉消除了硝态氮的表聚现象,土壤剖面硝态氮分布更趋合理,更加有利于作物的吸收利用。膜孔灌溉由于其覆膜作用,减轻了硝态氮的淋洗,提高了氮素的利用率。     

羧甲基壳聚糖/改性膨润土复合载体对莠去津释放和淋溶的影响

首次尝试将羧甲基壳聚糖与改性膨润土复合用作除草剂莠去津的载体,制备得到控释型颗粒剂,以延缓莠去津的释放,减少淋溶损失,提高药效及控制其污染。通过水中释放实验研究了制剂配方对莠去津释放速率的影响,并借助半经验方程探讨了其释放机理,采用土壤薄层实验考察了复合载体对降低莠去津淋溶的效果。 结果表明,采用复合载体时莠去津的半数释放时间(t 50)可达700 h 以上,比对照采用单一羧甲基壳聚糖作载体时延长了1倍以上。莠去津由颗粒剂向水相释放的过程主要受费克扩散(Fickian diffusion)控制,且经9次淋洗后莠去津的累计淋出率仅为6.0%,表明该复合载体控释制剂可显著减少莠去津对地下水的污染。     

西藏降水化学分析

1987-1988年及1997-2000年间,在西藏拉萨、定日、当雄、安多采集降雨样品及部分大气浮尘样品,分析测定了pH、电导率、CO2分压、总悬浮颗粒含量及10多种离子浓度。共测量了300场次降雨的pH值、电导率和其中60场次降雨的化学成分含量。结果显示：青藏高原降雨常呈弱碱性,1987-1988年间加权平均pH值为8．36,1997-1999年间为7．5。造成高原降雨呈弱碱性的主要原因是来自地面富含钙的粉尘。西藏是世界上空气污染最轻的地方,但是从20世纪80-90年代的降雨中,NO3^-与SO4^2-含量增加,pH值降低,表明保护这片脆弱环境的紧迫性。     

半干旱黄土丘陵区小流域横断面土壤水分生态特征

在半干旱地区甘肃榆中北部中连川流域取一横断面,根据地形部位与利用条件布设11个测点,用土钻法监测土壤水分剖面分布与动态,测深到5m。各立地条件年内4月到12月土壤水分动态趋势多样。流域横断面的土壤湿度均较低,2～5m平均值一般都小于10％,其中以坡地苜蓿与半阳坡柠条林地最干燥。该地区土壤干燥化层是普遍存在的,不仅存在于人工植被,也存在于天然植被。径流富集叠加可显著改善土壤水分状况,隔坡水平梯田是其重要途径。退耕还草中要考虑各类草地的比例、苜蓿种植的适宜规模及其持续性问题。     

Behaviour of bentazon as influenced by water and tillage management in rice‐growing conditions

Bentazon is a widely used herbicide in rice agroecosystems that has commonly been found in water resources. To assess how tillage and water regimes affect sorption/desorption, dissipation and leaching of bentazon in Mediterranean rice‐growing conditions, field experiments were carried out using tillage and flooding (TF), tillage and sprinkler irrigation (TS), no‐tillage and sprinkler irrigation (NTS) and long‐term no‐tillage and sprinkler irrigation (NTS7). After 3 years, the K_d values in TS were 2.3, 1.6 and 1.7 times lower than the values in NTS7, NTS and TF respectively. Greater sorption of bentazon was related to higher contents in total organic carbon and, although to a lesser extent, in humic acids and dissolved organic carbon. The persistence of bentazon was significantly greater under anaerobic (half‐life DT₅₀ = 94.1–135 days) than under aerobic (DT₅₀ = 42.4–91.3 days) incubation conditions for all management regimes. Leaching losses of bentazon were reduced from 78 and 74% in TS and TF to 61 and 62% in NTS7 and NTS respectively. The mid‐ and long‐term implementation of sprinkler irrigation in combination with no‐tillage could be considered a management system that is effective at reducing water contamination by bentazon in Mediterranean rice‐growing agroecosystems. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

深翻、有机无机肥配施对稻田水分渗漏和氮素淋溶的影响

【目的】针对我国长江中下游地区稻麦轮作区常年浅耕与不合理施肥导致的土壤犁底层增厚与土壤板结的问题,研究深耕(打破部分犁底层)与施肥方式对稻田土壤容重、土壤紧实度、土壤水分渗漏量、氮素淋溶量及氮素形态的影响,阐明稻田氮素淋溶量与耕作、施肥方式的响应机制,为稻田合理耕层构建提供理论依据。【方法】(1)基于2015年安徽省舒城县设置两种耕作方式(旋耕12 cm、深翻20 cm)、3种等氮量施肥方式(仅施化肥处理T1、秸秆还田配施化肥处理T2、有机与无机肥配施处理T3)的田间定位试验,2019—2020年监测土壤容重与紧实度以及稻季水分渗漏与氮素淋溶量。(2)通过原状土柱模拟试验,研究深翻30 cm(打破犁底层)对稻田水分渗漏量的影响。【结果】(1)田间试验结果表明,深翻20 cm较旋耕12 cm降低了耕层土壤容重与紧实度,但没有显著增加水稻生育期的水分渗漏量,仅在分蘖期增加7.4%,孕穗期之后无显著影响。(2)土柱试验结果显示,深翻30 cm(打破犁底层)水分渗漏量较旋耕12 cm和深翻20 cm显著增加,淹水时分别增加19.0%与11.0%,非淹水时分别增加23.0%与21.5%。(3)田...     

热带亚热带酸性土壤硝化作用与氮淋溶特征

通过室内好气培养和土柱模拟淋洗培养试验,研究了氨基氮肥加入对热带亚热带4种不同性质和利用方式酸性土壤硝化、氮及盐基离子淋溶、土壤及淋出液酸化的影响。4种土壤分别为采自花岗岩发育的海南林地砖红壤(HR)、玄武岩发育的云南林地砖红壤(YR)、第四纪红黏土发育的江西旱地红壤(RU)和第四纪下蜀黄土发育的江苏旱地黄棕壤(YU)。结果表明:4种土壤硝化作用大小表现为YU>RU>YR>HR。HR主要以可溶性有机氮(DON)和NH₄⁺-N形态淋失,YU土壤的氮淋溶形态以NO₃^–-N为主,YR和RU土壤的氮淋溶形态NO₃^–-N、NH₄⁺-N和DON兼而有之。盐基离子总淋失量与NO₃^–-N淋失量显著正相关,但各盐基离子淋失由于离子本性和土壤性质差异并不完全一致。Ca²⁺在缓冲外源NH₄⁺-N硝化致酸和平衡...