热带雨林及在其下种植砂仁的土壤中氮素矿化和硝化的对比研究

采用封顶埋管法(Close-TopIncubation),在旱季和雨季对西双版纳热带沟谷雨林土壤、及雨林下种植砂仁地土壤氮素矿化和硝化作用进行了研究。结果表明,在雨季,两样地的土壤氮净矿化和硝化速率关系为:砂仁地(分别为6.13和6.79mgN·kg-1·30d-1)>雨林地(分别为1.33和2.19mgN·kg-1·30d-1);砂仁地和雨林地的氨化速率为负值(分别为-0.66和-1.03mgN·kg-1·30d-1)。而在旱季差异都不显著,旱季砂仁地土壤氮净矿化和硝化速率(分别为4.40和2.97mgN·kg-1·30d-1)显著低于雨季(分别为6.13和6.79mgN·kg-1·30d-1);雨林地则相反,旱季氮净矿化速率(3.50mgN·kg-1·30d-1)显著高于雨季(1.33mgN·kg-1·30d-1),硝化速率无显著差异。     

西双版纳2种热带雨林类型土壤节肢动物群落结构及分布特征

分析了西双版纳山地雨林和季节雨林土壤节肢动物群落的组成、分布特征及多样性状况。 2块样地 2次取样 ,共获取大、中小型土壤节肢动物 6 6 0 6个 ,分属 2 3目。蜱螨目、鞘翅目、弹尾目、膜翅目仍是 2林地土壤节肢动物群落组成共有的优势类群 ,但它们在不同样地生境中构成的数量比例不同 ,而常见和稀有类群组成较为复杂且样地间的差异更为突出 ,总体表现出季节雨林具有更多的热带成分 ,山地雨林则界于热带和亚热带之间。土壤节肢动物类群总数、个体总数及重要生物类群 (个体数量在 10 0 0个·m- 2 以上 )的分布 ,表现为山地雨林 (2 2类 ,4 974个 )多于季节雨林 (19类 ,16 32个 ) ,垂直分布结果表明 2类林地均具明显的表聚现象。从多样性尺度看 ,山地雨林密度 -类群指数高于季节雨林 ,这与 2林地土壤条件的优劣相符合     

Response of Somatal Characteristics and its Plasticity to Different Light Intensities in Leaves of Seven Tropical Woody Seedlings

1 INTRODUCTIONAs an important structure in the leaves of terrestrialplants, stomata play a key role in the gas exchangebetween plants and atmosphere, and provide the mainchannels of water dissipation for plants. They also playa significant part in the regulation of photosynthesisand evaporation process. Researches have long beenconducted on stomata, and one of the most importantfields in plant physiological and ecological research isconcerned with the physiological and ecologicalcharacteri…     

Effects of soil flooding on leaf gas exchange and growth of two neotropical pioneer tree species

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) and Rapanea ferruginea (Ruiz & Pavon) Mez (Myrsinaceae) are two neotropical pioneer trees with wide geographical distribution in South America, highly degree of adaptation to different soil conditions and intense regeneration in areas with anthropic activities. With the aim to recommend the use Schinus and Rapanea in gallery forest restoration programs, we conducted an experiment with the objective to analyze the capacity of these two pioneer trees to tolerate soil flooding, mainly by accessing the effects of flooding on leaf gas exchange, growth and dry matter partitioning. Seedling survival throughout the 56-day flooding period were 100 and 90% for Schinus and Rapanea, respectively. The mean values of stomatal conductance (g_s) and net photosynthesis (A) observed in the control seedlings were, respectively, 0.4 mol m^–2s^–1 and 14 mmolm^–2s^–1, for Schinus, and 0.5 mol m^–2s^–1 and 14 mmolm^–2s^–1, for Rapanea. On day 20 flooding reduced gs and A by 36 and 29% in Schinus, and 81 and 61% in Rapanea. At the end of the experiment, significant decreases were also observed for root and whole plant biomass, in both species. Based on the results, we concluded that seedlings of Schinus and Rapanea can survive and grow throughout a medium period of soil waterlogging, in spite of the alterations observed in their physiological behavior, such as the decreases in stomatal conductance and in whole plant biomass.     

廉江次生季雨林群落类型与多样性研究

粤西廉江市谢鞋山的次生季雨林47种树种按其综合优势比值大小分类共计有16个植物各落类型，其中大多数是以荔枝为第一建群种的群丛组，受人为活动的频繁干扰，4种物种多样性指数值均较低，对这些群落加强就地保护具有重要的实现意义。     

Soil development along an altitudinal transect in a Bolivian tropical montane rainforest: Podzolization vs. hydromorphy

Knowledge about soil formation in tropical montane rainforests is scarce and patchy. We examined the altitudinal change of soils in a Bolivian tropical montane rainforest, aiming to illuminate the contribution of podzolization and hydromorphic processes to soil formation. In three transects from 1700 m to 3400 m a.s.l. we determined the pH, exchangeable cation exchange capacity, carbon and nitrogen stocks, and iron and aluminium fractions from 26 soil profiles. Three zones of different dominant soil forming processes were found: In the lower montane forest (LMF, 1700–2200 m a.s.l.), Dystropepts with high nutrient concentration and acidity were common. The pronounced change to the upper montane cloud forest (UMCF, 2200–2700 m a.s.l.) coincided with the appearance of Placorthods with more acidic conditions, deep ectorganic horizons and increasing translocation of sesquioxides. In the sub-alpine forest (SCF, 2700 m–3400 m a.s.l.), hydromorphic processes dominated over podzolization, resulting in Placaquods with low mineralization rate and nutrient concentration. This shows that due to increasing wetness and colder temperatures at high altitudes, dominant soil forming processes change from podzolization to hydromorphism soils with increasing altitude.     

Effect of Harvest of Old Growth Douglas-fir Stands and Subsequent Management on Carbon Dioxide Levels in the Atmosphere

A simple stand model is developed to assess the influence of management activities in old growth Douglas-fir forests on atmospheric CO, levels. Two natural disturbance regimes (450- and 240-year stand replacement fire cycles) are compared with four management regimes (45, 6 5 , 90-year plantation rotations, and conversion to non-forest use). Conversion of old growth Douglas-fir stands to plantations may actually decrease atmospheric C 4 for the fist few decades, but then increase it. The short term and long term changes are negligible compared to the atmospheric C02 produced by burning fossil fuels. Using wood as a substitute product for other materials (brick, aluminum, and plastic) dramatically reduces CO, released to the atmosphere; however, where wood is used as a luxury product, large quantities of C02 are released to the atmosphere under harvest regimes.     

The impact of shifting cultivation on a rainforest landscape in West Kalimantan: spatial and temporal dynamics

To assess the role of shifting cultivation in the loss of rainforests in Indonesia, we examined the spatial and temporal dynamics of traditional land-use north of Gunung Palung National Park in West Kalimantan. We analyzed the abundance, size, frequency, and stature (by tree size) of discrete management units (patches) as a function of land-use category and distance from the village. Data were gathered from point samples along six 1.5-km transects through the landscape surrounding the Dayak village of Kembera. Most land was managed for rice, with 5% in current production, 12% in wet-rice fallows (regenerating swamp forest), and 62% in dry-rice fallows (regenerating upland forest). The proportion of land in dry-rice increased with distance from the village; rubber gardens (17% of the total area), dominated close to the village. The size of rubber trees declined with distance, reflecting the recent establishment of rubber gardens far from the village. Fruit gardens accounted for only 4% of the area. From interviews in Kembera and three other villages, we estimated rates of primary forest clearing and documented changes in land-use. Most rice fields were cleared from secondary forest fallows. However, 17% of dry-rice fields and 9% of wet-rice fields were cleared from primary forest in 1990, resulting in the loss of approximately 12 ha of primary forest per village. Almost all dry-rice fields cleared from primary forest were immediately converted to rubber gardens, as were 39% of all dry-rice fields cleared from fallows. The rate of primary forest conversion increased dramatically from 1990 to 1995, due not to soil degradation or population growth but rather to changes in the socio-economic and political environment faced by shifting cultivators. Although the loss of primary forest is appreciable under shifting cultivation, the impact is less than that of the major alternative land-uses in the region: timber extraction and oil palm plantations.     

Transition from Forest‐based to Cereal‐based Agricultural Systems: A Review of the Drivers of Land use Change and Degradation in Southwest Ethiopia

The southwestern Ethiopian montane forests are one of the most species‐rich ecosystems and are recognised globally as a priority area for the conservation of biodiversity. Particularly, in contrast to the drier central and northern Ethiopian highlands, they have received little attention by researchers. Here, we review changes to agricultural systems in and around these forests that are known as the genetic home of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) and that are important to the livelihoods of many rural people who have developed traditional management practices based on agro‐ecological knowledge, religious taboos and customary tenure rights. We explored the impacts of conversions to agroforestry and cereal‐based cropping systems on biodiversity, soil fertility, soil loss and the socio‐economic conditions and culture. The increasing trend of cereal cropping, resettlement and commercial agriculture causes the deterioration of natural forest cover in the region and threatens biodiversity, land quality, sustainable, traditional farming practices and the livelihood of the local community. Large‐scale plantations of tea, coffee, soapberry locally known as endod (Phytolacca dodecandra L'Hér.) and cereals have resulted in biodiversity loss. Following the conversion of forests, cultivated fields exhibit a significant decline in soil fertility and an increase in soil loss as compared with the traditional agroforestry system. The establishment of a sustainable agricultural system will require a change in paradigm, whereby the intrinsic values of the traditional forest‐based agricultural system are recognised, rather than the ongoing mimicking of agricultural policies that were developed for the open fields of central Ethiopia. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.