突变体杂交诱变育成小麦新品种西辐十二号

用两个突变体杂交,并用200Gy60Coγ射线辐照处理杂交干种子,经9个世代定向选择,于1995年育成了中矮秆、大穗、粒重、品质优良的小麦新品系95-γ728。该品系2003年10月通过四川省农作物品种审定委员会审定,命名为西辐十二号。本文介绍了该品种的选育经过、特征特性及其产量表现。     

增强UV-B辐射对光氧化水稻812HS光合特性和生长的影响

为了解光氧化水稻的光合特性对UV-B辐射的反应,以籼稻两用不育系812S(野生型)及其光氧化突变株系812HS为材料,在自然条件下,采用40 kJ·m^-2·d^-1剂量的UV-B增强辐射处理植株65 d,分别在幼苗期、分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期进行相关生理指标检测和分析。结果表明,与自然光照条件相比,增强UV-B辐射使812HS的分蘖数和有效分蘖数减少,植株矮化,但对其生长抑制程度弱于普通水稻;812HS的叶绿素含量在分蘖期显著降低,但降低幅度低于普通水稻,抽穗期后叶绿素含量显著增加,尤其是在灌浆期,812HS叶绿体含量的增加幅度较普通水稻极显著多出34.3个百分点。增强UV-B辐射处理后,812HS的PSⅡ原初光转化效率(F_v/F_m)在分蘖期的提高幅度比普通水稻大,而在拔节期和灌浆期则明显低于普通水稻。PSⅡ失活的原因是质体醌PQs和PSI蛋白复合体对UV-B辐射敏感,电子从QA-向QB^-传递过程受阻,致使快还原型库PQ受影响,说明增强UV-B辐射会抑制水稻的光合作用和生长,但对光氧化水稻812HS的抑制效应弱于普通水稻。本研究结果对于深入了解水稻的光氧化知识和丰富水稻栽培生理知识具有积极意义。     

光辐射对农业土壤的影响

核爆炸产生的光辐射，能量大，发射率高，在一定数值内可使土壤表层熔融，沸腾，并随着光冲量值的减弱轻。表层熔融的土壤，机械组成有微小的变化，有机质，全氮量有部分减少，但不影响整个耕层土壤的耕作性能，在此土壤上种植农作物，生长良好，产量正常。     

Long-term global earth surface ultraviolet radiation exposure derived from ISCCP and TOMS satellite measurements

A long-term (1983–2000) global dataset of Earth’s surface daily-integrated UV exposure was developed from a combination of ISCCP-D1 3 h reflectance measurements (in order to resolve the diurnal variation of cloud conditions) and TOMS total ozone amount. The inversion algorithm developed in our previous study was employed with modifications addressing the conversion of visible reflectance to UV albedo and narrowband UV albedo to broadband albedo over the range of 280–400 nm. Validation of the product was carried out using ground-based measurements at six stations. In general, good agreements between the estimated and measured daily UV exposure are found at most stations; the relative mean and root mean square (RMS) difference varies from 3 to 14% and from 20 to 45%, respectively. Among the stations, San Diego has a fairly low mean difference (9%) and the lowest RMS difference (33%), owing to the prevailing clear sky or uniform cloud cover condition. The RMS difference increases with cloud amount, which is largely caused by mismatch between satellite and ground-based measurements. The effect of diurnal variation in atmospheric opacity associated primarily with cloud on the estimation of daily erythemal UV doses is investigated with both ground-based measurements and ISCCP-D1 data. It is found that daily erythemal UV doses estimated from only a noontime satellite “snapshot” may incur errors larger than 20%, which may be reduced for long-term averaging.     

Modelled and measured ratio of PAR to global radiation under cloudless skies

The ratio between photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and solar broadband irradiance depends on the spectral structure of radiation. Therefore, at the Earth surface, this ratio depends on atmospheric conditions and solar height. Specifically, for cloudless skies, and based on results from a spectral radiative transfer model, a parameterised model is presented here in order to obtain the ratio between PPFD and global irradiance from meteorological routine measurements. The two main input variables of the model are air mass and an estimation of precipitable water column. Modelled values are compared to measurements taken at Girona (NE Iberian Peninsula). A correction to measurements is developed to take into account the non-cosine response of the instruments. Agreement between measurements and model is significantly better than merely considering a constant value of the ratio between PPFD and global broadband irradiance.     

林下植被对半干旱区不同密度刺槐林地土壤水分环境的指示作用

 研究林下植被对不同密度林地土壤水分环境的指示作用,可以为造林营林中的密度调控、提高林分生产力和林分稳定性等,提供理论根据。为此,对山西黄土丘陵沟壑区的14年生人工刺槐(Robiniapseudoacacia)林6种造林密度(1.5m×2m、1.5m×3m、1.5m×4m、1.5m×5m、1.5m×6m、1.5m×7m)林分的土壤水分、林下光照强度等环境因子进行观测,同时,采用样方调查法,对不同密度林内的树木生长情况和林下植物的类型、数量、分布及发育状况进行了研究。结果表明:密度小的林分内,各小环境指标均优于密度大的林分,其中土壤水分、光照强度有显著的随林分密度增大而减小的趋势,刺槐林地内随着林分密度的增大,渐渐出现干旱、半干旱地区成龄人工林土壤干化的现象,林下植被的种类和数量相应减少,物种丰富度和物种多样性指数也降低,且逐步由以鹅观草(Roegneriakamoji),小菅草(Themedaminor)为典型的中生植物,向以角蒿(Incarvilleasinensis),灰绿藜(Chenopodiumglaucum)为典型的旱生植物过渡,反映出林分内的小环境条件随林分密度变化的特征。因此,在半干旱区造林和营林中,密度不可过大,以便提高林分生产力和林分稳定性。     

辐射诱变培育玉米自交系辐746及其应用

内容用60Coγ射线105Gy剂量照射杂交组合铁13×C103 F1干种子,用系谱法选育出配合力高、抗病性强、早熟质佳的玉米自交系辐746。用辐746作亲本育成龙辐玉1号、龙辐玉2号、龙高1号、龙单16等玉米杂交种,辐746玉米自交系在黑龙江省玉米育种中具有一定的应用价值。     

考虑动态吸收率的玻璃温室覆盖层温度预测模型

覆盖层温度是影响温室热环境的重要因素之一。为了实现温室覆盖层温度预测,该研究以玻璃温室覆盖层为研究对象,综合考虑太阳辐射吸收、对流换热等能量传递形式,建立温室覆盖层温度预测模型。为提高模型精度,该研究进一步提出温室覆盖层动态吸收率计算方法,并使用该方法将覆盖层太阳辐射吸收率分为直射辐射吸收率、散射辐射吸收率与地表反射辐射吸收率分别计算,进而精确计算覆盖层吸收太阳辐射。为验证模型正确性及其精度,在山东省泰安市选择3个时段开展相关验证试验并得出如下结论,温室覆盖层温度预测值与测量值变化趋势较为一致,模型计算值与覆盖层温度测量值的决定系数R^2最小为0.92,均方根误差RMSE最大为2.05℃,通过与相关模型对比得出该研究提出的模型能够精确预测覆盖层温度。