The combined effects of enhanced UV-B radiation and selenium on growth, chlorophyll fluorescence and ultrastructure in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) treated in the field

The possible ameliorative effects of selenium (Se) addition to soil on the detrimental effects of enhanced UV-B radiation were tested on strawberry and barley during 4 months of field experiment in Kuopio, Central Finland. Control plants were exposed to ambient levels of UV radiation, using arrays of unenergized lamps. A control for UV-A radiation was also included in the experiment. Added Se, applied as H₂SeO₄, at the level of 0.1 mg kg⁻¹ soil (low dosage) and 1 mg kg⁻¹ soil (high dosage) increased Se concentrations in plants more than 10 and 100 times, respectively. After 4 months of exposure, strawberry and barley plants were harvested for biomass analysis. Chlorophyll fluorescence was measured using the Hansatech FMS2 fluorescence monitoring system. Leaf anatomy and ultrastructure were observed by light and transmission electron microscope. Several effects of UV and Se as well as their interaction were found, mostly for strawberry, but not for barley, indicating species-specific responses. Our results provided evidence that the high Se concentration in soil had no ameliorative effect but increased the sensitivity of strawberry to enhanced UV-B radiation in the field. Under ambient radiation, Se did not alter leaf growth of strawberry, whereas under UV-B radiation, the high Se addition significantly decreased leaf growth. Strawberry runner biomass was affected by the interaction of Se and UV. Under ambient radiation Se did not change dry weight of runners, but in combination with UV-A or UV-B radiation the high Se dosage decreased dry weight of runners by about 30%. Although the high Se concentration positively influenced on quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) in strawberry leaves, it reduced runner biomass, leaf number and ratio of starch to chloroplast area. This suggests that the harmful effects of the high Se dosage on photosynthetic processes occurred as a result of changes in activity or/and biosynthesis of enzymes, rather than alteration of PSII. At the low concentration, Se effects were slight and variable.Although barley leaves accumulated higher Se concentrations than strawberry, there were no apparent changes in their growth, biomass or chlorophyll fluorescence due to Se effect either alone or in combination with UV-B. However, at the ultrastructural level, an enlargement in the peroxisome area was found due to combination of UV radiation with Se, suggesting the activation of antioxidative enzymes, possibly catalase. Decrease in mitochondrial density in barley cells in response to Se might be attributed to alteration of mitochondrial division. Increase in the proportion of cells with cytoplasmic lipid bodies due to combined effect of UV-B and Se indicated the alteration of lipid metabolism and the acceleration of cell senescence in barley. Main UV-B effects were found, mostly at the tissue and ultrastructural level in strawberry, but not in barley, indicating species-specific susceptibility to enhanced UV-B radiation. UV-B-treated strawberry plants developed marginally thinner leaves with reduced ratio of starch to chloroplast area in their cells, suggesting negative influence of UV-B on photosynthetic processes.     

秦岭火地塘林区油松林辐射平衡特征研究

测定和分析了2005年8-10月份、2006年4-7月份秦岭火地塘林区油松林太阳辐射的变化,并通过归类对晴天、阴天辐射平衡分量以及反射率、净辐射率、有效辐射率的日变化特征进行分析。结果表明:油松林日平均总辐射、净辐射、反射辐射和有效辐射分别为14.83、9.13、1.29、5.83M J.m-2;晴天,总辐射、净辐射、反射辐射日变化呈单峰曲线变化,阴天呈多峰曲线;油松林林冠有效辐射始终为正值;不同天气条件下反射率、有效辐射率呈“U”形变化;净辐射率变化趋势为白天高,早晨、傍晚低,晴天净辐射率为63.58%～65.08%,阴天净辐射率为56.36%～71.60%。     

野外连续两年增强UV-B辐射对8个割手密无性系叶片MDA含量的影响*

 研究了大田栽培和自然光条件下，连续两年模拟UV-B辐射（280～315 nm，5.00 kJ/m²）增强对8个割手密无性系叶片丙二醛（MDA）含量的影响。UV-B辐射对割手密叶片MDA含量有显著的影响，8个割手密无性系叶片MDA含量对增强UV-B辐射存在种内差异。5个无性系叶片MDA含量有明显增加的趋势，分别为I91-97，I91-38，Ⅱ91-116，93-25，90-22；1个无性系MDA含量变化不明显（Ⅱ91-93），2个无性系MDA含量有降低的趋势，分别为Ⅱ91-98，92-11。UV-B辐射对割手密叶片MDA含量的影响具有年际间差异。UV-B辐射对割手密叶片MDA含量的影响存在生育期之间的差异，为伸长期>成熟期>分蘖期。     

连续3年UV-B辐射对33个割手密无性系成熟期锤度的影响

在大田栽培和自然光条件下，研究了连续3年模拟紫外辐射（UV-B，280～315nm）增加对33个割手密无性系成熟期锤度的影响。结果表明：（1）UV-B辐射对割手密无性系锤度具有明显的影响;（2）33个割手密无性系锤度对UV-B辐射响应具有明显的差异，在2003年、2004年和2005年，锤度响应范围分别为-27.86%～69.90%、-28.88%～34.58%和-18.90%～26.21%;（3）割手密无性系锤度对UV-B辐射响应具有明显的年际间差异，从选择的10个无性系来看，从2003年、2004年到2005年，6个无性系锤度变化率增加，4个无性系锤度变化率下降。     

水稻诱变糯质基因回复突变的研究

以杂交稻亲本胚乳糯质基因突变体南恢175wxR、湘恢288wxR、II-32wxB、明恢86wxR、蜀恢527wxR、明恢63wxR、龙特浦wxB以及D62wxB为材料,肉眼鉴定其自交后代胚乳性质,结果发现诱变糯质基因wx发生回复突变(即胚乳性质由糯质回复突变为非糯质),回复突变频率为0～6.34×10-5,平均为3.74×10-5.     

植物诱变新技术及其在水稻育种上的应用

简要综述了石蜡油-EMS花粉诱变、离子束注入、花粉辐照和空间诱变新技术的诱变机理、生物学效应及其在水稻育种上的应用。     

矮化李树果实膨大、新梢旺长期光合产物与磷素吸收分配的~(14)C、~(32)P示踪研究

本研究以~(14)C和~(32)P标记矮化李树,观察其果实膨大与新梢旺长期的光合产物的分配与磷的吸收。结果表明:光合产物及磷的吸收首先运输到生长旺盛部位,并随生长的减慢运输也减慢终止。正在生长的嫩叶、嫩梢的光合产物不供给其它组织和部位。停长叶的光合产物首先满足本枝,而后才运向侧枝。光合产物与磷素的吸收随着时问的延长逐渐向根部转移和积累。矮化李果实中吸收~(14)C和~(32)P的量均明显超过乔化李果实。     

白术辐射诱变株系抗氧化酶活性研究

为了从长势较好的4个白术辐射诱变株系中筛选出抗氧化活性高的优良品种,测定了白术具有清除活性氧能力的SOD,APX,POD等酶的活性.结果表明:白术辐射诱变株系的SOD,APX,POD的比活力均高于二倍体,说明优选出的白术辐射诱变株系具有比辐照前更强的清除活性氧能力,对外界不良环境的影响具有更高的抗逆性.     

微波辐射法测定土壤吸湿水的含量

采用微波辐射法和烘箱法对不同土壤的吸湿水含量进行了测定。结果表明，用微波辐射法测定土壤吸湿水可把烘箱法所需的8－10h缩短为8min左右，2种方法的测定结果经t检验无显著差异。用微波辐射法测定5.0,10.0,15.0和20.0g土壤样品的失水基本稳定时间分别为4，7，10和12min，保险时间为5，8，12和14min。微波辐射法具有耗时省，能耗低和受热均匀等优点，是一种测定土壤吸湿水的有效方法。表3参6     

海藻多糖对小鼠骨髓放射性急性损伤的保护作用

目的：观察中药海藻多糖对小鼠骨髓放射性急性损伤的保护作用。方法：检测小鼠骨髓有核细胞总数、DNA含量及嗜多色性红细胞微核率。结果：小鼠接受2Gy γ射线照射后，小鼠骨髓有核细胞总数、DNA含量明显降低(P＜0．01)，骨髓嗜多色性红细胞微核率明显升高(P＜0．01)；20、40mg/kg剂量的海藻多糖能有效防止照射小鼠骨髓有核细胞总数、DNA含量降低(P＜0．05)；10、20、40mg/kg剂量的海藻多糖能防止照射小鼠骨髓嗜多色性红细胞微核率升高(P＜0．05)。结论：中药海藻多糖预防性给药对小鼠骨髓放射性急性损伤有一定的保护作用。