二氯喹啉酸在水稻田环境中的消解动态研究

为了明确二氯喹啉酸在保持水层和水层自然沉降两种处理下的稻田环境中的消解趋势,于2012 年在 广州市进行田间试验,利用液相色谱-串联质谱法检测二氯喹啉酸在水稻田环境中的消解动态。结果显示,二氯喹啉 酸在稻田水和稻田土壤样品中的检出限(LOD）分别为0.001 mg/L 和0.001 mg/kg。当添加水平为0.01、0.10、1.00 mg/L 或mg/kg 时,二氯喹啉酸在稻田水中的回收率范围为83.93%~106.75%,相对标准偏差(RSD）为2.3%~6.3%,在稻田土 壤中的回收率范围为83.23%~113.50%,RSD 为2.6%~4.4%;二氯喹啉酸在稻田水和稻田土中的降解符合一级化学反 应动力学方程C=Coe-kt;在保持水层的稻田中,二氯喹啉酸在田水和土壤中的半衰期分别为8.7、14.1 d,在自然沉降的 稻田中,二氯喹啉酸在土壤中的半衰期为10.8 d。     

低分子量有机酸对赤铁矿吸附二氯喹啉酸的影响及机理

采用批量平衡振荡法研究了6种低分子量有机酸对人工合成的赤铁矿吸附二氯喹啉酸的影响,并利用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)探讨其机理。结果表明:不同浓度的6种低分子量有机酸存在时,Freundlich 模型能较好地描述二氯喹啉酸在赤铁矿中的吸附行为(R² >0.749),二氯喹啉酸与赤铁矿的总吸附能力(lgKf值)从高到低顺序为乙酸>草酸>丁二酸>酒石酸>苹果酸>柠檬酸;在供试浓度范围内(0～32 mmol·L^-1), 乙酸、柠檬酸、草酸、酒石酸、丁二酸和苹果酸均促进二氯喹啉酸的吸附,其中高浓度的草酸促进作用较明显。FTIR分析表明, 二氯喹啉酸主要通过氢键、络合反应及电荷转移等作用吸附在赤铁矿上,赤铁矿吸附二氯喹啉酸后Fe-O键特征峰均未发生变化,吸附主要是由表面作用引起的。分别加入乙酸、草酸和柠檬酸后, 乙酸(草酸和柠檬酸)强烈的缔结在Fe-O键结构上,均在赤铁矿表面上形成了Fe-O-二氯喹啉酸-乙酸(草酸和柠檬酸)结构,赤铁矿、二氯喹啉酸与乙酸(草酸和柠檬酸)之间存在配位络合作用、氢键和电荷转移等作用。     

Resistance of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) to atrazine and quinclorac

Two populations of Echinochloa crus-galli (R and I) exhibited resistance to quinclorac. Another population (X) exhibited resistance to quinclorac and atrazine. The R and I populations were collected from monocultures of rice in southern Spain. The X population was collected from maize fields subjected to the application of atrazine over several years. The susceptible (S) population of the same genus was collected from locations which had never been treated with herbicides. The quinclorac ED₅₀ value (dose causing 50% reduction in shoot fresh weight) for the R and I biotypes were 26- and 6-fold greater than for the S biotype. The X biotype was 10 times more tolerant to quinclorac than the S biotype and also showed cross-resistance to atrazine, being 82-fold more resistant to atrazine than the R, I and S biotypes. Chlorophyll fluorescence and Hill reaction analysis supported the view that the mechanism of resistance to atrazine in the X biotype was modification of the target site, the DI protein. Quinclorac at 20 mg litre^-1 did not inhibit photosynthetic electron transport in any of the test biotypes. The quinclorac I₅₀ values (herbicide dose needed for 50% Hill reaction reduction) of the S population was over 50000-fold higher than the atrazine I₅₀ value for the same S population, indicating that quinclorac is not a PS II inhibiting herbicide. Propanil at doses greater than 0·5 kg ha^-1 controlled all the biotypes. © 1997 SCI