稻草生物炭对甲磺草胺和二氯喹啉酸吸附的影响

以弱酸性除草剂甲磺草胺和二氯喹啉酸为研究对象,研究稻草生物炭对这2种除草剂的吸附特征的影响。结果表明,当在土壤中添加稻草生物炭后,土壤对甲磺草胺、二氯喹啉酸的吸附都显著增加。Friendrich方程能更好地拟合稻草生物炭本身对甲磺草胺的吸附等温线,R^2从线性拟合的0.976增加到0.987,Kfads为133.4 mg^1-1/nkg^-1L^1/n。线性方程和Friendrich方程均能很好拟合二氯喹啉酸的吸附等温线,Kd为218.6 L/kg。     

土壤中除草剂残留二氯喹啉酸两种测定方法的相关性

为了验证土壤中除草剂二氯喹啉酸高效液相色谱分析法与生物测定法之间是否存在相关性,采用高效液相色谱分析法和生物测定法对在江西烟田采集的9个土壤样品进行二氯喹啉酸残留量分析。高效液相色谱分析法结果表明:7号和9号土壤样品中残留有二氯喹啉酸,其残留量分别为0.060、0.092mg/kg,7号和9号土壤不适宜种植烟草;生物测定结果表明:对9个土壤样品进行生物测定,只有在7号和9号土壤样品中移栽的烟草出现生长畸形,其余土壤样品上移栽的烟草未出现畸形现象;不同浓度二氯喹啉酸处理的土壤盆栽试验生物测定表明:在0.045~0.27mg/kg范围内,二氯喹啉酸的含量与烟草叶长、叶宽抑制率呈正相关,即二氯喹啉酸含量越高烟草畸形越明显。土壤中除草剂二氯喹啉酸高效液相色谱分析法与生物测定法结果一致,7号和9号土壤样品中残留有二氯喹啉酸,不适宜种植烟草。土壤中除草剂二氯喹啉酸高效液相色谱分析法与生物测定法存在相关性。     

二氯喹啉酸降解菌的分离鉴定及降解特性分析

采用富集培养技术从长期施用二氯喹啉酸的土壤中分离得到1株能够降解二氯喹啉酸的细菌,将其命名为J3,通过生理生化特性和16s rDNA同源性序列分析,鉴定其为产碱菌属(Alcaligenes sp.)。在二氯喹啉酸初始质量浓度为100 mg/L、接种量为4%、pH 7、30 ℃条件下,接种后第6天,菌株J3对二氯喹啉酸的降解率可达到70%以上;在25 ℃、接种量为4%条件下,其生物修复作用可使受二氯喹啉酸(25%田间推荐剂量)药害盆栽烟草的恢复率达到69%。     

A quinclorac sensitive lethality rice mutant: its discovery,genetics and potential application

In this study, we reported a quinclorac‐sensitive rice natural mutant M4017, derived from an indica restorer line 4017 of three‐line hybrid. The mutant could be killed at three‐leaf stage by quinclorac at 175 mg/l or higher, a dosage that is recommended for monocot herbs control. The mutant at flowering stages can also be effectively killed by quinclorac at 1.25–1.50 g/l or higher, which is safe for its F₁ hybrids and all other normal varieties. Genetic analysis, using the F₁, F₂ and BC₁ populations derived from this mutant and other often‐used varieties, revealed that quinclorac sensitivity/lethality was controlled by a single recessive gene, which was named quin1. This mutant has a potential application in false hybrid seed removal or mechanized production of hybrid seeds.     

对比分析不同方法提取土壤中的二氯喹啉酸

本文采用4种常用方法分别对福建田土中添加的二氯喹啉酸进行了提取,并采用高效液相色谱法对其添加回收率进行了测定,对比分析表明,当二氯喹啉酸添加浓度为1.25μg/g时,方法二即氢氧化钠溶液提取、乙酸乙酯净化法回收率最高,约为70%,且杂质峰较小,基线平稳,峰形较对称;重复性高,两次生物学试验的平均回收率无显著差异,均略高于70%。方法一即乙腈磷酸水溶液提取、氯化钠净化法,回收率较高,但杂质峰较高,基线不平稳。方法三即硼砂甲醇溶液提取、二氯甲烷净化法,虽然杂质峰小、基线平稳、峰形较好、但回收率低,约为50%。方法四即甲醇磷酸水溶液直接提取法,因提取液难以在旋转蒸发仪中浓缩,因此未继续检测。综合结果表明,方法二最适用于福建省水稻田二氯喹啉酸的提取。     

二氯喹啉酸降解菌的培养基优化

为了获得二氯喹啉酸降解菌在实验室条件下的最佳基础盐培养基,为该菌的大量繁殖提供理论依据,笔者从农药厂废水处理池的淤泥中富集分离筛选出一株二氯喹啉酸降解菌(Z2),经过鉴定该菌属于粪产碱菌属。通过单因素试验测定A_OD600值确定了该菌最适繁殖的碳源和氮源,正交试验得出该菌的最佳基础盐培养基。结果表明：最适碳源与氮源分别为柠檬酸钠和酵母浸粉,最适浓度分别为0.2%和0.6%;最佳基础盐培养基为：柠檬酸钠 0.2%,酵母浸粉 0.7%,NaCl 2%,CaCl₂ 0.006%,FeCl₃ 0.0003%,K₂HPO₄ 0.05%,KH₂PO₄ 0.07%。在优化后的基础盐培养基中Z2能够大量繁殖,为该菌在二氯喹啉酸污染的土壤中进行修复奠定了基础。     

新型二氯喹啉酸使用技术及其对水稻药害的关联因子

稗草是直播稻田及水稻轻型栽培的主要杂草,控制好稻田稗草是直播田稳产的关键因子之一。新型二氯喹啉酸是水稻田防除稗草的优良化学除草剂。在新型二氯喹啉酸控制稻田稗草的试验及示范推广中,发现该药剂对水稻有一定的药害,分析了药害的产生原因,提出了适量、高效、安全使用新型二氯喹啉酸的方法。     

除草剂二氯喹啉酸对水稻田土壤酶活性短期影响

Birnessite occurs in a wide variety of natural environments, and plays an important role in soil chemistry. A modified Stāhli procedure was used to synthesize sodium birnessite in an alkali medium by O2 oxidation. The effects of preparative parameters on the synthesis of birnessite, such as pretreatment on solutions with N2, reaction temperature, O2 flow rate, fluxion velocity of the reaction suspension, and dehydration conditions were investigated. The fluxion velocity of the reactive suspension and O2 flow rate significantly influenced the synthesis of birnessite. Vigorous stirring raised the fluxion velocity of the reaction suspension and easily allowed synthesis of pure crystalline birnessite. However pretreatment of the reacting solutions with N2 and the reaction temperature had little effect on the synthesis. Diffusion of O2 was the controlling step during the course of oxidation. The optimum synthetic conditions for pure birnessite were: a NaOH to Mn molar ratio of 13.7, an O2 flow rate of 2 L rain^-1, and oxidation for 5 hours with vigorous stirring at normal temperatures. The chemical composition of the synthesized pure birnessite was Na0.25MnO2.07-0.66H2O.     

辽宁省无芒稗对二氯喹啉酸的抗药性研究

对辽宁省稻区无芒稗对二氯喹啉酸抗药性进行研究,结果表明:辽宁省稻区的无芒稗对二氯喹啉酸都产生了一定程度的抗性,但抗性水平不高,抗性比值小于2的敏感性生物型14个,占37.83%,抗药性生物型23个,占62.17%,其中相对抗性比大于3的8个,占21.62%,高抗生物型的1个,占2.7%。     

Resistance to quinclorac and ALS-inhibitor herbicides in Galium spurium is conferred by two distinct genes

Classical Mendelian experiments were conducted to determine the genetics and inheritance of quinclorac and acetolactate synthase (ALS)‐inhibitor resistance in a biotype of Galium spurium. Plants were screened with the formulated product of either quinclorac or the ALS‐inhibitor, thifensulfuron, at the field dose of 125 or 6 g active ingredient (a.i.) ha^?1 respectively. Segregation in the F₂ generation indicated that quinclorac resistance was a single, recessive nuclear trait, based on a 1 : 3 segregation ratio [resistant : susceptible (R : S)]. Resistance to ALS inhibitors was due to a single, dominant nuclear trait, segregating in the F₂ generation in a 3 : 1 ratio (R : S). The genetic models were confirmed by herbicide screens of F₁ and backcrosses between the F₁ and the S parent. F₂ plants that survived quinclorac treatment set seed and the resulting F₃ progeny were screened with either herbicide. Quinclorac‐treated F₃ plants segregated in a 1 : 0 ratio (R : S), hence F₂ progenitors were homozygous for quinclorac resistance. In contrast, F₃ progeny segregated into three ratios: 1 : 0, 3 : 1 and 0 : 1 (R : S) in response to ALS‐inhibitor treatment. This segregation pattern indicates that their F₂ parents were either homozygous or heterozygous for ALS‐inhibitor resistance. Therefore, there were clearly two distinct resistance mechanisms encoded by two genes that were not tightly linked as demonstrated by segregation patterns of the F₃.