Assessing the effects of vegetation and precipitation on soil erosion in the Three-River Headwaters Region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

Soil erosion in the Three-River Headwaters Region (TRHR) of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China has a significant impact on local economic development and ecological environment. Vegetation and precipitation are considered to be the main factors for the variation in soil erosion. However, it is a big challenge to analyze the impacts of precipitation and vegetation respectively as well as their combined effects on soil erosion from the pixel scale. To assess the influences of vegetation and precipitation on the variation of soil erosion from 2005 to 2015, we employed the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model to evaluate soil erosion in the TRHR, and then developed a method using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index model (LMDI) which can exponentially decompose the influencing factors, to calculate the contribution values of the vegetation cover factor (C factor) and the rainfall erosivity factor (R factor) to the variation of soil erosion from the pixel scale. In general, soil erosion in the TRHR was alleviated from 2005 to 2015, of which about 54.95% of the area where soil erosion decreased was caused by the combined effects of the C factor and the R factor, and 41.31% was caused by the change in the R factor. There were relatively few areas with increased soil erosion modulus, of which 64.10% of the area where soil erosion increased was caused by the change in the C factor, and 23.88% was caused by the combined effects of the C factor and the R factor. Therefore, the combined effects of the C factor and the R factor were regarded as the main driving force for the decrease of soil erosion, while the C factor was the dominant factor for the increase of soil erosion. The area with decreased soil erosion caused by the C factor (12.10×10³ km²) was larger than the area with increased soil erosion caused by the C factor (8.30×10³ km²), which indicated that vegetation had a positive effect on soil erosion. This study generally put forward a new method for quantitative assessment of the impacts of the influencing factors on soil erosion, and also provided a scientific basis for the regional control of soil erosion.     

杭州湾南岸滩涂贝类养殖环境中微生物数量分布及其类群

研究了杭州湾南岸慈溪滩涂贝类养殖区的微生物在水平、垂直及季节变化的分布规律。结果表明:3个采样区的异养细菌的数量变动在1.62×103~6.62×105cfu.g-1之间,平均值为4.28×104cfu.g-1,细菌数量在春季和夏季的数量偏低,10月份异养细菌的数量开始上升,并于11月份达到最高,表层高于底层;其中以革兰氏阳性菌比例最高,为主要的优势种,具有陆源性特点。各站位反硝化细菌、氨化细菌和硫酸还原菌的检出率均为100%,都维持在一个较高的水平,整体上数量具有表层高于底层的特点,3种微生物在数量上的季节演替与异养细菌具有类似的结果,均为10-11月达到最大。     

小麦淀粉粒蛋白表达差异及其与淀粉糊化特性的关系

为探明小麦淀粉粒蛋白与淀粉糊化特性的关系,对河南省18个主栽小麦品种淀粉粒蛋白进行分离,并对淀粉粒蛋白类型、淀粉含量、糊化特性参数进行了研究.结果表明,18个小麦品种分离出了8种主要的淀粉粒蛋白,9种组合带谱,并以组合类型Ⅰ和组合类型Ⅶ所占比例最高,为55.56%,均表现为7条谱带.通过对淀粉粒蛋白条带数量以及谱带光密度总量和淀粉特性的相关性分析表明,淀粉粒蛋白光密度总量和直链淀粉含量、峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度呈显著负相关,表明淀粉粒蛋白表达量影响淀粉的糊化特性.同时选取6个小麦品种,分别采用盐、SDS、蛋白酶对淀粉进行处理后,淀粉峰值黏度显著提高,其中以盐处理提高幅度最大,且不同处理之间差异达显著水平.对处理后淀粉粒蛋白进行电泳分析表明,处理后的条带明显减少,说明处理后小麦淀粉粒蛋白含量下降.综合试验结果,不同小麦品种淀粉粒蛋白表达存在差异,同时淀粉粒蛋白表达量高低影响淀粉峰值黏度.     

密度对谷子生长及产量性状的影响

[目的]研究密度与谷子生长、产量性状的关系,为选育抗倒伏品种提供科学依据。[方法]在大田随机区组试验中,以不分蘖型谷子品种"鸭子嘴"为试材,设计18万、21万、24万株/hm23个种植密度,以26万株/hm2为对照,较系统研究了密度与谷子生长、产量性状的关系。[结果]18万、21万、24万株/hm2种植密度谷子的株高比对照分别矮化8.6%、6.0%和4.1%,茎粗分别比对照增大22.6%、11.3%和3.8%,谷子穗长、穗粗略有增加,穗重和穗粒重增加1～2g。3个种植密度的增产效果与对照均在0.05水平差异显著。产量最好的是21万株/hm2密度下的谷子,比对照增产75.5%,差异极显著。[结论]谷子的种植密度与株高呈正相关,与茎粗呈反比关系。21万株/hm2密度下谷子的产量最高,比对照增产700～900kg/hm2。     

保护性耕作和施用控释肥对小麦生长及产量的影响

研究了保护性耕作及施用控释肥对小麦生长和产量的影响。结果表明：同在保护性耕作条件下,施用较好的控释肥料能提高小麦产量9.3%-12.6%。在肥力水平较高的居巢区,免耕控释肥处理与平衡施肥翻耕处理小麦产量差异不明显。     

食源性沙门氏菌PCR检测体系的建立及评估

为建立食源性沙门氏菌实时定量PCR检测体系,实现快速检测。根据GenBank数据库鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的invA基因序列(AE008832)设计引物,建立沙门氏菌实时定量PCR检测方法,通过标准曲线的建立和对40份牛奶和40份生肉进行检测评估检测体系的灵敏度和特异性。结果显示标准曲线相关系数为0.999,检出底限约8个细菌/反应。40份牛奶和40份生肉检测阳性率分别为2.5%和5%,与传统细菌分离检测结果完全相符。实时定量PCR检测沙门氏菌具快速、灵敏的优点,适宜于食品中沙门氏菌污染的调查及监测。     

利用单片段代换系鉴定水稻株高及其构成因素的QTL

 通过t测验比较了单片段代换系与受体亲本华粳籼74之间的表型差异，对以6个水稻品种为供体的52个单片段代换系代换片段上株高及其构成因素的QTL进行了鉴定。以P≤0.001为阈值，在14个代换片段上共鉴定出24个QTL，包括10个株高QTL、2个穗长QTL、4个倒1节间长QTL、5个倒2节间长QTL、3个倒3节间长QTL，这些QTL分布于水稻的9条染色体上。QTL加性效应值为-4.08～3.98 cm，加性效应百分率为-19.35%～10.43%。     

Describing Human–Wildlife Interaction from a European Perspective

European researchers from both the natural and social sciences show growing interest in studying interactions between society and wildlife. A wealth of theoretical frameworks, concepts, and methods are used, but an integration of perspectives is lacking. This research note summarizes results from two workshops that included 63 delegates from 25 European countries, as well as a follow-up survey of 41 respondents. Two main theoretical approaches to the study of human–wildlife interactions were identified. One approach focuses on the collective societal level relying on theories of governance, social representation, deliberative procedures, and commons theory. The other approach targets individuals or groups, and is based on theories such as the cognitive hierarchy, theory of reasoned action, and theory of planned behavior. Interdisciplinary collaboration is needed to identify the best options for wildlife conservation and management in a more politically integrated Europe.     

语用层面的象似性考察

本文主要探讨了象似性理论在语言中的体现，着重对其四原则：数量象似性原则、距离象似性原则、顺序象似性原则、标记象似性原则在语用层面上进行了分析，论述了其在象似性话语中的功能。旨在为语用研究开辟新的视野，也为语言象似与语言功能的结合作出新的尝试     

邵阳市紫薇品种调查研究Ⅲ

紫薇是夏季重要的观赏花木,目前中国有50多个品种。通过对邵阳市紫薇品种资源的实地调查研究,发现紫薇品种100个,分属堇薇、红薇、银薇及复色4个品种群,其中未见文献记载的新品种69个。因篇幅所限,分3篇文章发表,本研究报道了银薇及复色2个品种群的23个新品种。