柑橘黄龙病病原菌Las在叶圆片嫁接接种的‘锦橙’中早期扩散研究

为了探究黄龙病（Citrus Huanglongbing,HLB）病原菌在柑橘韧皮部的早期运动情况,以柑橘黄龙病亚洲致病种Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus（Las）为毒源,黄龙病高感品种‘锦橙’实生苗为受体材料进行叶圆片嫁接传毒。利用定量PCR技术对嫁接口处近端主脉、远端主脉、叶柄以及缘周叶组织进行了为期84 d的菌量测定。结果发现,病原菌在近端主脉中积累最快,其次是远端主脉、叶柄和缘周叶组织。以近端主脉为原初侵染部位,Las在嫁接叶片中1 ~ 84 d的早期运动可分为潜伏期（1 ~ 42 d）、指数期（43 ~ 70 d）和稳定期（71 ~ 84 d）。在早期侵染过程中,Las病原菌主要沿叶主脉从原初侵染部位由近向远扩散,其扩散趋势与症状从原初侵染部位向外扩散紧密相关。证实叶圆片嫁接法可作为柑橘HLB一种有效的传毒方式。     

荧光定量PCR检测猪链球菌2型主要毒力因子方法的建立

[目的]建立荧光定量PCR检测猪链球菌2型(Streptococcus suis serotype 2,SS2)、溶菌酶释放蛋白(Muramidase-released protein,MRP)和胞外因子(Extracellular protein factor,EF)3种主要毒力因子的方法。[方法]根据cps2j、mrp和ef基因的基因序列,分别设计并合成3对引物及相应的Taqman探针,其中cps2j和mrp的5'端标记FAM荧光发射基团,ef的5'端标记HEX荧光发射基团,3种基因的3'端都标记BHQ1淬灭荧光基团。通过优化反应体系和程序,建立了一种基于Taqman探针法的荧光定量PCR方法检测上述3种主要毒力因子,其中cps2j单独检测,mrp与ef的实行双重荧光PCR方法检测。[结果]cps2j、mrp和ef的最低检测限分别为12、51和51 CFU,灵敏度很高;与其他病原菌无交叉反应,重复性及特异性均较好;此外,整个检测过程在60 min内即可完成。[结论]该试验所建立的双重荧光定量PCR方法的敏感性、重复性及特异性均较好,可用于同时快速检测猪链球菌2型3种主要毒力因子。     

DNA Quantity and Quality in Remnants of Traffic-Killed Specimens of an Endangered Longhorn Beetle: A Comparison of Different Methods

The sampling of living insects should be avoided in highly endangered species when the sampling would further increase the risk of population extinction. Nonlethal sampling (wing clips or leg removals) can be an alternative to obtain DNA of individuals for population genetic studies. However, nonlethal sampling may not be possible for all insect species. We examined whether remnants of traffic-killed specimens of the endangered and protected flighless longhorn beetle Iberodorcadion fuliginator (L., 1758) can be used as a resource for population genetic analyses. Using insect fragments of traffic-killed specimens collected over 15 yr, we determined the most efficient DNA extraction method in relation to the state of the specimens (crushed, fragment, or intact), preservation (dried, airtight, or in ethanol), storage duration, and weight of the sample by assessing the quantity and quality of genomic DNA. A modified cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide method provided the highest recovery rate of genomic DNA and the largest yield and highest quality of DNA. We further used traffic-killed specimens to evaluate two DNA amplification techniques (quantitative polymerase chain reaction [qPCR] and microsatellites). Both qPCR and microsatellites revealed successful DNA amplification in all degraded specimens or beetle fragments examined. However, relative qPCR concentration and peak height of microsatellites were affected by the state of specimen and storage duration but not by specimen weight. Our investigation demonstrates that degraded remnants of traffic-killed beetle specimens can serve as a source of high-quality genomic DNA, which allows to address conservation genetic issues.     

Development and application of molecular methods (PCR) for detection of Tasmanian Atlantic salmon reovirus

Molecular (PCR) diagnostic tests for the detection and identification of aquareovirus in general, and Tasmanian Atlantic salmon reovirus (TSRV) specifically, were developed, and their diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were determined and compared with virus isolation in cell culture. Intralaboratory and interlaboratory comparison of PCR (conventional hemi‐nested RT‐PCR & RT‐qPCR) and virus isolation in cell culture using finfish cell lines, CHSE‐214 and EPC, was carried out for the detection and identification of TSRV using field samples of farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, L. from various aquaculture sites around Tasmania. The interlaboratory comparison of diagnostic methods was carried out between two laboratories, AAHL‐CSIRO and DPIPWE‐Tasmania. A total of 144 fish from nine sites (12–33 fish per site) were sampled from two regions of Tasmania (Tamar River estuary in the north and Huon River estuary in the south‐east) during late spring to early summer of 2009, and the data were analysed using different statistical approaches. The prevalence of TSRV ranged from 6% to 22% in both regions. All the diagnostic methods (data from both laboratories) had high specificity, while the estimated sensitivity varied between tests with RT‐qPCR being the most sensitive (95.2%) method followed by virus isolation and then conventional hemi‐nested RT‐PCR.     

High HEV presence in four different wild boar populations in East and West Germany

Swine Hepatitis E virus (HEV) can be transmitted from pigs to humans causing hepatitis. A high prevalence of HEV in wild boar populations is reported for several European countries, but actual data for Germany are missing. During the hunting season from October to December 2007 liver, bile and blood samples were collected from wild boars in four different German regions. The samples were tested for HEV RNA by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and anti-HEV IgG antibodies by two different ELISAs and a Line immunoassay. A seroprevalence of 29.9% using ELISA and 26.2% in the Line immunoassay was determined. The seroprevalence rate varied greatly within the analyzed regions. However, qPCR analysis revealed a higher prevalence of 68.2% positive animals with regional differences. Surprisingly, also adult wild sows and wild boars were highly HEV positive by qPCR. Compared to liver and serum samples, bile samples showed a higher rate of positive qPCR results. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of a 969 nt fragment within ORF 2 revealed that all isolates clustered within genotype 3 but differed in the subtype depending on the hunting spot. Isolates clustered within genotypes 3i, 3h, 3f and 3e. Within one population HEV isolates were closely related, but social groups of animals in close proximity might be infected with different subtypes. Two full-length genomes of subtypes 3i and 3e from two different geographic regions were generated. The wild boar is discussed as one of the main sources of human autochthonous infections in Germany.     

Development and validation of a range of endogenous controls to support the implementation of practical Taqman real-time PCR-based surveillance for fish diseases within aquaculture

The use of Taqman real-time PCR-based technology has recently become more frequent in the detection of pathogens in the aquaculture industry. This interest has necessitated the development of robust and reliable pathogen-detection assays. The development of a range of endogenous control assays to be run alongside these diagnostic assays works to further increase confidence in the latter. This study describes the design of a range of endogenous control assays based on the elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α) gene specific to a range of fish species including Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar; rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss; brown trout, Salmo trutta; cod, Gadus morhua; haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus; saithe, Pollachius virens; whiting, Merlangius merlangus; Norway pout, Trisopterus esmarkii; carp (family Cyprinidae), roach, Rutilus rutilus; European eel, Anguilla anguilla; and herring, Clupea harengus, as well as a number of fish cell lines. Evidence is provided of the validation of these assays for specific species, a range of tissue types and cell lines as well as an example of the potential uses of these assays.     

基于荧光定量PCR的鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒滴度检测方法

针对传染性脾肾坏死病毒(ISKNV)的ORF007基因,设计特异性引物及TaqMan探针,建立了ISKNV的实时荧光定量PCR方法。采用CPE法对连续10倍稀释的ISKNV培养液的滴度进行了测定,同时采用荧光定量PCR法测定病毒拷贝数。结果显示,荧光定量PCR测定的病毒拷贝数与CPE法测定的病毒滴度具有良好的线性关系,其线性方程为y=1.076x+0.545(R2=0.998 6),其中y为基因组拷贝数浓度的对数,x为病毒滴度TCID50的对数。研究表明,荧光定量PCR法可替代CPE法应用于ISKNV疫苗抗原的定量,大大缩短了疫苗制备的时间,为疫苗生产提供了方便。     

香猪睾丸miR-449b和miR-222分子的发育性变化

为了阐明miR-449b和miR-222对贵州从江香猪睾丸发育的调节作用。运用qPCR方法检测香猪睾丸组织中miR-449b和miR-222表达量的发育性变化,通过miRSystem数据库、Kobas数据库对预测的靶基因进行信号转导通路富集分析。经克隆测序,得到香猪miR-222序列,与猪的相似性为100%,而且物种之间miR-449b和miR-222两个分子的保守性都很高。香猪睾丸中miR-449b于1~4月龄期间的表达量逐渐上升,4月龄时表达量达到峰值,之后下降;miR-222的表达量呈现相反的变化趋势,于1~4月龄期间表达量逐渐下降,1月龄时最高,4月龄时最低,之后的表达量有所回升;已知物种的miR-449b和miR-222序列高度保守;经预测miR-449b靶基因有420个,富集于卵母细胞减数分裂、Notch信号通路、Ras信号通路等100个途径(P0.05),miR-222的靶基因有429个,富集于细胞周期、Fox O信号通路、TGF-β信号通路等69个通路(P0.05);miR-449b和miR-222的靶基因共享的通路为Wnt信号通路、MAPK信号通路、雌激素信号通路等42个(P0.05)。     

Occurrence of canine hemotropic mycoplasmas in domestic dogs from urban and rural areas of the Valdivia Province,southern Chile

This is the first study to investigate the occurrence, risk factors and hematological findings of hemoplasmas in dogs from Chile. Complete blood count and 16S rRNA conventional PCR for Mycoplasma spp. were performed in 278 blood samples from rural (n = 139) and urban (n = 139) dogs in Valdivia. Real time 16S rRNA PCR (qPCR) allowed species identification. Mycoplasma spp. occurrence was 24.8%. ‘Candidatus M. haematoparvum’ (CMhp) was identified in 12.2% and Mycoplasma haemocanis (Mhc) in 11.9% dogs. It was not possible to identify species in two Mycoplasma spp. samples by qPCR. Sequencing allowed identifying one of them as ‘Candidatus M. turicensis’ (CMt). Frequency in rural localities was higher (41.7%) than in urban (7.9%). Rural locality, maleness and older age were risk factors for hemoplasmosis. Hemoplasma-positive dogs had a higher total protein. This is the first report of Mhc, CMhp and CMt in dogs from Chile, with a high occurrence in rural localities.