Development of a two‐step,non‐probed multiplex real‐time PCR for surveilling Vibrio anguillarum in seawater

Vibrio anguillarum is an aggressive and halophilic bacterial pathogen most commonly originating from seawater. Vibrio anguillarum presence in fisheries and aquaculture facilities causes significant morbidity and mortality among aquaculture species primarily from haemorrhaging of the body and skin of the infected fish that eventually leads to death, collectively recognized as the disease vibriosis. This study served to develop a non‐probe, multiplex real‐time PCR assay to rapidly detect V. anguillarum presence in seawater. Specific primers targeting genes vah1, empA and rpoN of V. anguillarum were selected for multiplex reaction among 11 different primer sets and the extension step was eliminated. Primer concentration, denaturation time as well as annealing time and temperature of DNA amplification were optimized, thus reducing reaction duration. The two‐step, non‐probed multiplex real‐time PCR set forth by this study detects as little as 3 CFU mL^?1 of V. anguillarum presence in sea water, without enrichment cultivation, in 70 min with molecular precision and includes melting curve confirmation.     

苋菜试管开花过程中相关microRNA表达的qPCR分析

以苋菜无菌试管苗及其试管开花过程中各阶段培养物为材料,利用qPCR技术进行苋菜试管开花过程相关microRNA的表达分析。研究结果表明:由NormFinder软件计算出最适合的内参基因为ama-miR159a;在苋菜试管开花过程中,ama-miR156c、ama-miR156d、ama-miR156g相对表达量在幼苗期向壮苗期转变过程中呈下降趋势,并在整个发育过程中一直保持较低水平;ama-miR156h、ama-miR157b、ama-miR157c、ama-miR157d、ama-miR3和ama-miR10相对表达量在幼苗期向花芽期转变过程中呈下降趋势,并在花芽期达到最低;ama-miR172d的表达模式与miR156/miR157表达模式相反;苋菜试管苗幼苗期到花芽期形成时ama-miR319b相对表达量呈上升趋势,ama-miR164b在花芽期时相对表达量比较高,花芽期向开花期转变时,其相对表达量降低;ama-miR166a/miR166g表达在苋菜开花过程中始终呈上调表达;ama-miR167b/miR167d和ama-miR4相对表达量先略有升高然后降低,在花芽期降到最低,随后又升高。由此可见,microRNA在调控苋菜试管苗由幼苗期向壮苗期转变、营养生长向生殖生长转变以及花器官的形成等过程中起重要的调控作用。     

Overwintering management on upland pasture causes shifts in an abundance of denitrifying microbial communities, their activity and N2O-reducing ability

Pasture soils used for cattle overwintering may represent significant sources of N₂O emissions from soils. Therefore, the long-term effect of cattle overwintering on the abundance and activity of a denitrifying community was explored. The study was performed at a cattle overwintering area in South Bohemia (Czech Republic), where three sites differing in the degree of animal impact were selected: severely impacted (SI) and moderately impacted (MI), as well as a control site with no impact (NI). N₂O flux measurement and soil sampling were performed in spring and fall of 2005. The activity was measured in terms of potential denitrification activity. Bacterial nirK, nirS and nosZ genes were used as functional markers of the denitrifying communities; abundance was analyzed using a real-time PCR assay. Surprisingly, in situ N₂O emissions were the highest in spring at MI and significantly differed from those at SI and NI, while in autumn, rates of emissions generally decreased. In contrast potential denitrification rates were highest at SI, followed by MI, and the lowest at NI. An overall significant shift in N₂O/N₂ molar ratio was shown in cattle impacted sites. The highest abundance of all genes measured at both sampling times was found at site SI, whereas at site MI increased numbers were observed only in spring. Our results indicate a strong influence of cattle on the abundance as well as the activity of microbes involved in denitrification.     

半滑舌鳎雌、雄鱼myostatin基因差异表达的初步研究

半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)生长具有明显的性别二态性,性成熟雌鱼体重显著高于雄鱼。鱼体肌肉占体重的40%~60%,肌肉生长是生长性状的核心,而myostatin (mstn)基因是肌肉生长发育的负调控因子,对成肌细胞的增殖具有抑制作用。本研究旨在探究肌肉生长发育过程中,mstn基因在半滑舌鳎雌、雄鱼的时空表达模式及其与雌、雄鱼生长差异的关系。结果显示,在所检测的1龄鱼的9个组织中,mstn在肌肉中的表达量最高。不同发育时期的肌肉组织定量结果显示,1龄和2龄雄鱼中的表达量显著高于雌鱼(P<0.05),而在选取的其他时期,雌、雄鱼之间的表达量不存在显著差异。原位杂交结果显示,mstn基因的表达位置在肌纤维边缘,即成肌细胞增殖分化的位置。本文系统研究了肌肉生长发育的负调控因子mstn在半滑舌鳎雌、雄鱼中的时空表达模式,为深入研究半滑舌鳎雌、雄鱼生长差异的原因及其机制提供了基础。     

3个受白粉菌诱导的小麦抗病相关基因的表达分析

小麦白粉病是小麦生产上的重要病害。研究小麦抗白粉病的分子机理,利用抗病基因是控制小麦白粉病的有效途径。此研究根据前期白粉菌诱导后获得的可能与农家小麦品种红蚰麦抗病相关序列的分析结果,合成了几丁质酶,交替氧化酶（Alternative oxidase,AOX）以及MAP激酶（促分裂素原活化蛋白激酶mitogen-activated protein kinases）类似物3个基因的定量PCR引物,实时分析了在白粉菌诱导条件下‘红蚰麦×豫麦13’的F3代纯合抗病植株与感病植株两种互作组合中3个基因的时空表达模式,该研究为揭示‘红蚰麦’抗白粉菌的分子机理提供了依据。     

毛尖紫萼藓类泛素蛋白基因的克隆与表达分析

为研究类泛素蛋白基因在苔藓植物中的生物学功能,从毛尖紫萼藓干旱cDNA文库中获得了类泛素蛋白基因cDNA全长序列,命名为Gp-UBL5。该基因cDNA全长471 bp,包含1个222 bp的完整开放阅读框,编码73个氨基酸组成的蛋白。生物信息学分析表明,Gp-UBL5基因编码蛋白分子质量为8.525 kDa,等电点为7.84,为稳定型蛋白。进化分析显示,该编码蛋白与二穗短柄草、大麦等类泛素蛋白具有较高一致性,达96%~99%。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,Gp-UBL5基因在复水和快速干旱的各个时期均有表达,推测该基因可能在毛尖紫萼藓的抗旱机制中发挥作用。     

共生菌群在熊蜂生长发育过程中的动态变化

【目的】了解人工饲养的兰州熊蜂（Bombus lantschouensis）肠道内共生菌群的组成,探明主要肠道共生菌群在熊蜂生长发育过程中的变化规律,为进一步开展熊蜂共生菌功能的研究奠定基础。【方法】以兰州熊蜂肠道总DNA为模板,使用细菌通用的774F和1391R引物进行PCR扩增,构建细菌16S rDNA文库,挑取单克隆菌落测序,测得序列去除chimera后,以序列相似性97%为标准,划分分类操作单元（operational taxonomic units,OTU）,采用BLASTn进行序列同源性分析,确定细菌种类,分析熊蜂肠道菌群的组成。根据克隆文库测得的Gilliamella apicola和Snodgrassella alvi细菌16S rDNA序列设计特异性引物。用G. apicola和S. alvi的特异性引物进行PCR扩增,构建重组子质粒,构建好的质粒经浓度测定后,10倍梯度稀释成5个浓度梯度,进行荧光定量PCR检测,绘制标准曲线。以兰州熊蜂的卵、幼虫、蛹以及0、5、10、15、20日龄的工蜂肠道DNA为模板,采用熊蜂β-actin为内参基因,对样品中的共生菌G. apicola和S. alvi进行荧光定量PCR分析,并比较不同日龄、不同虫态每微升肠道基因组DNA样品中检测到的细菌16S rDNA基因的拷贝数,分析共生菌数量在熊蜂生长发育过程中的变化。不同日龄、不同虫态之间相对表达量的显著性差异用软件SPSS19.0的单因素ANOVA方差分析进行统计。【结果】从文库中随机挑选213个单克隆进行测序,经过Chimeras分析后,共得到202个有效序列,这些序列共划分为16个OTU。测得的序列与登录的相应细菌16S rDNA序列的相似性在93%-99%。在克隆文库测得的细菌16S rDNA序列中,G. apicola占45%、S. alvi占30%、Bifidobacterium占10%、Fructobacillus fructose占5%、Lactobacillus占2%、Flavobacterium aciduliphilum占2%,其他细菌占6%。其中G. apicola和S. alvi为兰州熊蜂肠道内的主要共生菌,qPCR结果表明两种共生菌在不同日龄、不同虫态的熊蜂肠道内都能检测到,两种细菌的数量在熊蜂发育过程中的变化趋势相似,即先增加后减少,最后达到稳定状态。G. apicola和S. alvi在熊蜂的卵、幼虫和蛹中数量都较少,在5日龄时的数量达到峰值,显著高于其他日龄,之后又逐渐减少,在15日龄后趋于稳定,第15、20日龄之间差异不显著。【结论】人工饲养的兰州熊蜂肠道中主要有4个种属的常见共生菌：G. apicola、S. alvi、F. fructosus和Bifidobacterium,其中G. apicola和S. alvi是其体内的优势菌。G. apicola和S. alvi在熊蜂中都具有水平和垂直传播的特性,两种共生菌在熊蜂的卵、幼虫和蛹中都检测到,但数量较少,工蜂出房后细菌大量增殖并在出房15 d左右形成稳定的共生菌群。熊蜂生长发育过程中体内共生菌数量的变化可能与这两种细菌对熊蜂的作用有关。