Comparative acute toxicity of neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides to non‐target crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) associated with rice–crayfish crop rotations

BACKGROUND: Most insecticides used to control rice water weevil (Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuscel) infestations are pyrethroids. However, pyrethroids are highly toxic to non‐target crayfish associated with rice–crayfish crop rotations. One solution to the near‐exclusive reliance on pyrethroids in a rice–crayfish pest management program is to incorporate neonicotinoid insecticides, which are insect specific and effective against weevils but not extremely toxic to crayfish. This study aimed to take the first step to assess neonicotinoids as alternatives to pyrethroids in rice–crayfish crop rotations by measuring the acute toxicities of three candidate neonicotinoid insecticides, clothianidin, dinotefuran and thiamethoxam, to juvenile Procambarus clarkii (Girard) crayfish and comparing them with the acute toxicities of two currently used pyrethroid insecticides, lambda‐cyhalothrin and etofenprox. RESULTS: Neonicotinoid insecticides are at least 2–3 orders of magnitude less acutely toxic (96 h LC₅₀) than pyrethroids to juvenile Procambarid crayfish: lambda‐cyhalothrin (0.16 µg AI L^?1) = etofenprox (0.29 µg AI L^?1) ? clothianidin (59 µg AI L^?1) > thiamethoxam (967 µg AI L^?1) > dinotefuran (2032 µg AI L^?1). CONCLUSION: Neonicotinoid insecticides appear to be much less hazardous alternatives to pyrethroids in rice–crayfish crop rotations. Further field‐level neonicotinoid acute and chronic toxicity testing with crayfish is needed. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Integrated pest management portfolios in UK arable farming: results of a farmer survey

BACKGROUND: Farmers are faced with a wide range of pest management (PM) options that can be adopted in isolation or alongside complementary or substitute strategies. This paper presents the results of a survey of UK cereal producers, focusing on the character and diversity of PM strategies currently used by, or available to, farmers. In addition, the survey asked various questions pertaining to agricultural policy participation, attitude towards environmental issues, sources of PM advice and information and the important characteristics of PM technologies. RESULTS: The results indicate that many farmers do make use of a suite of PM techniques, and that their choice of integrated PM (IPM) portfolio appears to be jointly dictated by farm characteristics and government policy. Results also indicate that portfolio choice does affect the number of subsequent insecticide applications per crop. CONCLUSIONS: These results help to identify the type of IPM portfolios considered to be adoptable by farmers and highlight the importance of substitution in IPM portfolios. As such, these results will help to direct R&D effort towards the realisation of more sustainable PM approaches and aid the identification of potential portfolio adopters. These findings highlight the opportunity that a revised agri‐environmental policy design could generate in terms of enhancing coherent IPM portfolio adoption. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

微山湖内源有机氯农药残留的生态风险评估

微山湖作为南水北调东线工程的重要缓冲枢纽,其内源水质对整个东线工程的影响至关重要。为了研究微山湖水体和沉积物中有机氯农药污染的潜在风险,从微山湖30个采样点采集湖区上覆水和表层沉积物样品,采用气相色谱法对其中的有机氯农药含量进行测定。结果表明:1微山湖水体中有机氯农药六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)的含量分别为34.4~195.9 ng/L和34.9~168.5 ng/L,与国内外其他地区湖泊相比,污染水平偏高,但均未超出我国地表水环境质量标准;沉积物中HCHs和DDTs含量分别为4.52~7.50 ng/g和4.73~7.67 ng/g,总体而言,相对国外其他地区湖泊污染水平偏高,相对国内其他地区湖泊污染水平偏低;2微山湖水体有机氯农药的非致癌风险总体处于低水平,致癌风险仍然存在,但随着采样时间的推移,水体中有机氯农药的非致癌风险和致癌风险均呈现递减趋势;3微山湖沉积物中有机氯农药的非致癌风险指数与致癌风险指数均小于风险警戒值,但90%的采样点沉积物中DDE和全部采样点沉积物中DDT的残留量介于环境影响低值(Effects range-low,ERL)和环境影响中值(Effects range-median,ERM)之间,会对生物产生毒性作用。     

农药减量综合技术的KAP调查分析

农药减量综合技术是指农作物病虫草害防治中,除了采用化学防治技术外,再协同采用机械耕作、肥水科学管理、抗性品种种植、合理栽培等综合技术,落实预防为主、综合防治,减少农药用量的技术集成,是实现农药使用量零增长的重要途径。为了解农户对农药减量综合技术的认知与执行情况,本研究把国际上技术产品推广中的重要研究方法KAP(即knowledge,altitude,practice三个英文单词的缩写)研究方法引入农药减量综合技术的调查研究中,在全国各地选择常规农户作为研究对象,采用随机抽样方法,抽取350名农民进行KAP问卷调查。结果说明:只有38.8%的农户知道"预防为主,综合防治"的植保方针;42.3%的农户在防治病虫害时,除了化学防治,并不了解植保综合技术,39.6%的农户认为该项技术较复杂,效果差且各种机械太贵,不愿意采用;只有20%的农户愿意使用植保综合技术。农户植保知识缺乏、年龄偏大、文化程度低等均严重等影响农户对农药减量综合技术的行为和态度,只有加强农业科学知识的科普宣传,才能有效推动农药减量综合技术的应用。     

Farm‐scale evaluation of herbicide band application integrated with inter‐row mechanical weeding for maize production in four European regions

To promote integrated weed management (IWM) implementation in Europe, robust evidence on the sustainability of such tools and strategies is needed to motivate their adoption by stakeholders. This can only be achieved through assessing and validating them at real farm scale and using existing farm equipment, under diverse climatic and soil conditions representative of European agriculture. In 2013 and 2014, 12 on‐farm experiments (i.e. real field conditions on commercial farms, with natural weed flora) were conducted in four important European grain maize‐producing regions comparing the efficacy of herbicide band application integrated with inter‐row mechanical weeding as a potential IWM tool with the conventional broadcast herbicide application (CON) used by the farms. The IWM tools tested were as follows: (i) early post‐emergence herbicide band application combined with hoeing, followed by a second hoeing in southern Germany, (ii) early post‐emergence herbicide band application followed by hoeing in eastern Hungary and central Slovenia and (iii) pre‐emergence herbicide band application followed by hoeing in northern Italy. Herbicide band application integrated with hoeing provided good and partial weed control along and between maize rows respectively. No significant yield differences were detected between IWM and CON. IWM greatly reduced herbicide input and was economically sustainable over the duration of this study with no significant difference in gross margin compared with CON in all cases. This IWM tool could therefore be considered for implementation in European maize systems.     

利用假茎注射吡虫啉防控香蕉蓟马

本研究使用专用注射器在香蕉花蕾刚现出时,通过假茎注射吡虫啉防治蓟马。试验1为70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂稀释200、250、300倍液,每株注射40mL;试验2为70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂稀释200倍液,每株注射20、40、60mL。结果表明:试验1和试验2的各处理对香蕉植株均没有药害。试验1中,70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂稀释200倍液对蓟马的防效为82.4%,与常规处理差异不显著,而稀释250、300倍液的防效为75.5%、66.8%,显著低于常规处理。试验2中,70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂200倍液3个注射剂量处理对蓟马的防效分别为77.9%、86.3%、89.6%,注射20mL的防效显著低于注射40mL和60mL的处理。在生产中,利用香蕉假茎注射施用70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂防治蓟马,考虑防效及成本,推荐浓度为稀释200倍液,每株注射40mL。该施药方法节省了农药使用量、施药时间,操作简便,达到了农药减量与确保防效并举的效果,为香蕉生产中减量使用农药提供了技术依据。     

漂浮固化分散液-液微萃取-气相色谱法测定液态奶中5种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留

建立了漂浮固化分散液-液微萃取（DLLME-SFO）-气相色谱配电子捕获检测器（GCECD）,同时测定液态奶中甲氰菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯和溴氰菊酯5种拟除虫菊酯类农药的分析方法。样品经预处理后,加入25 μL十六烷（萃取剂）、600 μL丙酮（分散剂）及质量分数为6%的氯化钠,涡旋3 min,于–5℃、10 000 r/min下离心3 min后,去除水相,融化后经气相色谱测定。结果表明:在5.0～250.0 μg/kg范围内,5种拟除虫菊酯类农药的峰面积与相应的质量浓度间呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999 0;在5～20 μg/kg添加水平下,平均回收率为90%～104%,日内相对标准偏差均低于5.9%（n=6）,日间相对标准偏差均低于7.8%（n=3）; 5种农药在液态奶中的检出限为0.75～2.17 μg/kg,定量限为2.52～7.22 μg/kg。该方法操作简便、溶剂用量少、定量准确、重现性好,适用于液态奶样品中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留分析。     

基于农产品质量安全的农药使用与管理

农药一直是防治农业病虫害的主要手段和措施,在确保农业高产高效的同时也带来了环境污染、生态平衡破坏和食品安全隐患等一系列的问题.正确合理使用农药,应该遵循安全、经济、有效、简易的原则,在实际操作中必须根据防治对象选择防治效果好的农药,做到有的放失、对症下药.基于农产品质量安全下合理妥善合理的使用农药并对农药进行管理,这是确保农产品质量的标准做法.     

二维码技术在农药管理上的应用研究

针对目前农药市场各种产品鱼龙混杂、无法溯源的问题,亟需建立行之有效的农药监管机制。将二维码技术应用于农药管理,构建农药监管平台,实现对农药产品的全程追溯,可以从源头上保证农药市场的安全性,值得农业执法部门借鉴与应用。