家蚕对常用有机磷农药的毒性反应研究

本文介绍了不同条件下家蚕对常用有机磷农药的毒性反应。结果表明，家蚕对９种农药都有很强的毒性反应，表现典型的有机磷中毒症状。农药对家蚕的触杀毒力和残毒期因农药品种不同而有极显著差异。家蚕对农药的抗性因季节，农药浓度和龄期大小不同而异。     

几种杀虫剂对甜菜夜蛾的毒力

采用点滴法和浸渍法分别测定了15种和9种药剂对甜菜夜蛾4龄幼虫的毒力,比较了不同龄期幼虫对药剂敏感性的差异.结果表明:点滴法测定的15种药剂的毒力大小顺序为虫螨腈>虫酰肼>硫丹>抑太保>溴氰菊酯>灭多威>甲氰菊酯>高效氯氰菊酯>阿维菌素>毒死蜱>氰戊菊酯>功夫菊酯>敌敌畏>乙酰甲胺磷>丙溴磷;浸渍法测定的9种药剂的毒力大小顺序为虫酰肼>溴氰菊酯>灭多威>抑太保>氰戊菊酯>硫丹>敌敌畏>三唑磷>辛硫磷;不同龄期甜菜夜蛾幼虫对药剂的耐药性差异显著,且随着龄期增大,幼虫的耐药性明显增强.     

饲料中氨基甲酸酯类农药多残留量的毛细管气相色谱分析方法

为了全面正确地认识和评价畜禽饲料中农药残留状况,保证畜禽产品食用的安全性,利用弹性石英毛细管气相色谱分析技术,研究了7种氨基甲酸酯类农药在饲料中的多残留分析方法.结果表明,饲料样品中的氨基甲酸酯类农药以丙酮提取,经等体积石油醚/二氯甲烷混合液萃取,再经弗罗里硅土柱净化,用配有氮磷检测器的毛细管气相色谱仪检测,可以获得满意结果.当添加0.1,0.5,5.0mg/kg时,添加回收率为79.00%～102.37%,变异系数为0.99%～10.03%;方法最小检出量为4.086×10-11～9.324×10-11g,最小检出量为0.02～0.04mg/kg.该方法能一次同时检测饲料中残留的7种氨基甲酸酯类农药,具有高效、简便、快速的特点,可极大地提高工作效率.     

Effect of short term exposure of fenvalerate on biochemical and haematological responses in Labeo rohita (Hamilton) fingerlings

Experiment was carried out to determine the median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) of fenvalerate to Labeo rohita fingerlings. After determining the LC₅₀ value of fenvalerate, a sub-lethal concentration (1/3rd of LC₅₀) of fenvalerate was exposed for 15 days. Significant alterations in SOD (P < 0.05) activity of liver and gill was observed due to fenvalerate. Catalase activity in gills of fishes was also affected significantly (P < 0.05). WBC, NBT and Hct values were reduced significantly in fenvalerate exposed fishes as compared to control group, whereas blood glucose level showed higher values in fenvalerate exposed group. Serum total protein and albumin were also reduced significantly as a result of fenvalerate exposure. Significant increase in the serum GOT, serum GPT, creatinine, triglyceride and serum ACP was noticed after 15 days of fenvalerate exposure. Results indicated that short term exposure of fenvalerate can induce biochemical and haematological alterations causing stress to L. rohita fingerlings.     

茶叶中7种有机氯和拟除虫菊酯类农药残留检测技术研究

本文对茶叶中7种有机氯类和拟除虫菊酯类农药残留检测的前处理技术进行了研究,对比了2种不同的提取溶剂对农药回收率、净化效果的影响,建立了丙酮∶正己烷(1∶1,V/V)提取,Florisil固相萃取小柱净化的方法。本方法回收率在82.3～109.8%之间,变异系数3.3～10.22%,最低检出浓度为0.001mg/kg。该种残留分析前处理方法具有操作简便、成本低、回收率高、精密度好的特点。     

Toxicity and neurophysiological effects of selected insecticides on the mole cricket, Scapteriscus vicinus (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae)

Mole crickets (Scapteriscus spp.) are severe subterranean pests of turfgrasses, commonly targeted with neurotoxic insecticides. Ideally insecticides used against mole crickets should induce quick knockdown or mortality to minimize damage caused by their tunneling. However, neurophysiological effects of insecticides on mole crickets are mostly unknown. The aims of this study were to investigate neurophysiological and toxic effects of several insecticides on tawny mole cricket (Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder) adults and nymphs, and potential synergy between pyrethroid and neonicotinoid insecticides. Bifenthrin, fipronil, and the combination of bifenthrin + imidacloprid provided the fastest median mortality when injected. The combination of bifenthrin + imidacloprid elicited faster toxicity than either active ingredient alone. Imidacloprid, bifenthrin, and bifenthrin + imidacloprid caused immediate knockdown, whereas fipronil immobilized mole crickets within 1-2 h. Acephate, bifenthrin, fipronil, imidacloprid, and bifenthrin + imidacloprid caused significant neuroexcitation. Bifenthrin + imidacloprid resulted in greater increases of spontaneous neural activity than the additive effects of imidacloprid and bifenthrin alone. Excitatory compounds acting at sodium and chloride channels (bifenthrin and fipronil) were the most toxic against S. vicinus. Combining a sodium channel toxin (bifenthrin) and a synaptic toxin (imidacloprid) led to greater than additive neurophysiological and toxic effects, which to our knowledge provides the first documented evidence of synergistic neurological “potentiation”.     

提取、纯化沉积物中有机磷农药和菊酯类农药的两种程序的比较

Two procedures were compared for extraction and clean-up of 20 organophosphorus and 19 pyrethroid pesticides in sediment to identify the more effective procedure for groups of pesticides or individual compounds. In Procedure Ⅰ, methanol/water and n-hexane were used for extraction, and 1:10 (v/v) dichloromethane in n-hexane and acetone were used as eluents for eluting the analyte through the cartridge, with one evaporating steps on a rotary evaporator and two eluting steps on the cartridge, n-hexane/acetone (2:1, v/v) was used for extraction and elution in Procedure Ⅱ with one evaporating step on a rotary evaporator and one eluting step on the cartridge. All extractions were performed under an ultrasonic bath and gas chromatography and mass spectrometry were utilized for measurements. Procedure Ⅱ was developed as a rapid, timesaving, less costly and safer substitute for Procedure Ⅰ which was an old method. Procedure Ⅱ was more effective for almost all the organophosphorus pesticides tested and 11 of the 19 pyrethroid pesticides, while Procedure I was more appropriate for analysis of 5 pyrethroid pesticides. However, recoveries of most pyrethroid pesticides were fairly low. Thus, further studies should focus on adjustment and formulation of solvents for more efficient extraction and clean-up of pyrethroid pesticides from sediment samples.     

六种杀虫剂对茶尺蠖的田间防治效果比较

本文通过田间药效试验对2.5%楝素.烟碱乳油等6种药剂防治茶树茶尺蠖效果进行评价:其中2.5%楝素.烟碱乳油20gai/ha(20gai/ha即表示有效成分为20克/公顷)、10%烟碱乳油40gai/ha、16000IU/mgBT可湿性粉剂96亿IU/ha、1%联苯菊酯水剂18gai/ha、4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油20gai/ha对茶尺蠖具有较好的防治效果,施药后第7天防效均在84%以上。其中2.5%楝素.烟碱乳油、16000IU/mgBT可湿性粉剂、10%烟碱乳油又为生物源农药,应大力推广使用。     

Controlled-release insecticide granules, compared with other soil insecticides, for use against the termite, Macrotermes natalensis Haviland, in the establishment of Eucalyptus plantations

Following the banning of DDT and dieldrin, and pending the withdrawal of other organochlorine insecticides in many countries, there is a need to find alternative treatments against termites for the establishment of Eucalyptus forestry plantations. Controlled-release granules (CRG) of carbosulfan, carbofuran and phorate were nearly as effective as chlordane emulsifiable concentrate (0·6 g a.i./tree) in reducing attack on Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden by Macrotermes natalensis Haviland. The optimum application rate of CRG formulations was 1·0 g a.i./tree mixed with the surrounding soil at planting out. Changes in granule size and release rate had no discernable effect on the efficacy of the granules, nor was there any advantage in incorporating part of the dose in the seedling planting medium. Chlorpyrifos CRG was significantly less effective in protecting the trees. There was evidence that under dry soil conditions phorate CRG was ineffective. Of 11 other non-controlled-release insecticides tested, alphamethrin suspension concentrate at 0·1 g a.i./tree was the only non-organochlorine material as effective as the CRG formulations.     

Synthesis and insecticidal activities of novel oxime ether pyrethroids

A series of novel 2-methylthio-3'/4'-substituted acetophenone oxime O-ethers were synthesized by the reaction of the corresponding acetophenone oximes with halides of pyrethroid alcohols in the presence of sodium hydroxide and phase-transfer catalysis or with triethyl quaternary ammonium salts of halides of pyrethroid alcohols in the presence of sodium hydroxide. These compounds showed notable insecticidal activity against Homopteran and Lepidopteran pests. 2-Methylthio-4'-fluoroacetophenone oxime O-[(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)methyl] ether was more effective than the commercial insecticides chlorfenapyr and fenvalerate.