菲、芘对蚕豆的氧化胁迫和DNA损伤

以菲和芘为多环芳烃(PAHs)的代表物,以超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量为指标,研究了菲、芘对蚕豆的氧化胁迫;利用彗星实验分析了菲、芘对蚕豆DNA的损伤效应;将蚕豆幼苗根经抗氧化剂维生素E预处理后,暴露于菲、芘污染,研究了DNA损伤与氧化胁迫间的关系。结果表明,供试条件下菲、芘污染导致蚕豆幼苗SOD、POD、CAT活性提高和MDA含量上升,且MDA含量与菲、芘浓度均显著正相关;蚕豆根尖细胞DNA损伤随菲、芘暴露浓度的升高而增大,0~50 mg·kg-1菲污染条件下彗星图像尾矩(TM)值从46.41μm(阴性对照)增加到122.04μm(50 mg·kg-1菲污染处理),增大了162.96%。50mg·kg-1芘暴露下TM值从阴性对照的44.30μm增至110.36μm,增大了149.21%。经抗氧化剂维生素E预处理,蚕豆的DNA损伤程度减小。综上可知,菲、芘对蚕豆产生氧化胁迫并造成根尖细胞DNA损伤,菲、芘诱导的DNA损伤与氧化胁迫有关。     

二氧化钛纳米颗粒对大豆根部吸收芘的影响

为研究纳米颗粒（NPs）对植物根部吸收与累积多环芳烃（PAHs）的影响,分别选择TiO₂ NPs、芘作为NPs和PAHs的代表,对大豆植株根部进行不同的处理。结果表明：芘的存在使大豆根部钛含量增加了82.3%,但TiO₂ NPs的添加显著抑制了大豆根部对芘的吸收与累积,使大豆根部芘的累积量降低了97.1%;在芘的胁迫下,TiO₂ NPs的存在未能减轻大豆根部的脂质过氧化作用,对大豆根部的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性没有显著影响,而显著减少了大豆根部谷胱甘肽（GSH）的含量。     

A highly effective polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium, Paracoccus sp. HPD-2, shows opposite remediation potential in two soil types

Bioaugmentation is an efficient and eco-friendly strategy for the bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs). Since the degrading abilities of soils can greatly alter the abilities of PAH-degrading bacteria, illustrating the potential and mechanism of highly efficient degrading bacteria in different soil environments is of great importance for bioremediation. A PAH-degrading bacterium, Paracoccus aminovorans HPD-2, and two soil types,red and paddy soils, with distinct PAH-degrading...     

东南景天对镉—苯并[a]芘复合污染土壤的修复效果

采用盆栽试验研究2种生态型东南景天对镉-苯并[a]芘(Cd-B[a]P)复合污染土壤的修复效果.结果表明:在Cd-B[a]P复合处理条件下,超积累生态型东南景天生长主要受高浓度B[a]P影响,而Cd是抑制非积累生态型东南景天生长的主要因素,在低Cd处理条件下,5 mg·kg-1 B[a]P能促进2种生态型东南景天根系的生长;超积累生态型东南景天地上部镉含量远远大于非积累生态型,且不受B[a]P水平的影响;2种生态型东南景天各部位B[a]P含量主要受土壤B[a]P水平的影响;在Cd-B[a]P复合处理条件下,超积累生态型东南景天对镉的去除效果显著高于非积累生态型,但在高质量浓度B[a]P(25 mg·kg-1)处理条件下,镉的去处效果明显降低;未种植物的土壤B[a]P平均去除率达到43.7%,而种植东南景天的土壤B[a]P平均去除率达到58.2%.本结果说明超积累生态型东南景天对中轻度CdB[a]P复合污染土壤具有较好的修复效果.     

苏丹草对镉-芘复合污染土壤的修复作用

采用室内盆栽试验,研究了苏丹草对不同浓度镉-芘复合污染土壤的修复作用。结果表明:在试验浓度范围内(芘0~305.47mg·kg-1,镉0~18.11 mg·kg-1)苏丹草未见死亡。苏丹草可以从镉-芘复合污染土壤中吸收镉,土壤中镉的植物去除率介于4.23%~17.88%之间,相同镉浓度条件下,镉植物去除率随着芘添加浓度的增大而显著减小;种植苏丹草可以显著提高土壤中芘的去除率,种植苏丹草的处理中芘的去除率为59.18%~88.46%,而无苏丹草对照组芘去除率仅为12.92%~40.73%;复合污染土壤中镉的添加显著抑制了土壤中芘的去除,且抑制程度随着镉添加浓度的增大而增加。因此,苏丹草对镉-芘复合污染土壤的修复效果受到污染物浓度水平及相互作用的显著影响。     

嗜盐碱高环PAHs降解菌的分离及其降解特性研究

为获取嗜盐碱高环多环芳烃(Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)降解菌,并研究其降解特性,利用盐度为5%、pH为8.6的无机盐培养液从延长油田石油污染土壤中富集分离出6株能以芘为唯一碳源和能源的嗜盐碱菌SYP-1、SYP-2、SYP-3、SYP-4、SYP-5和SYP-11。经形态学观察、生理生化特征分析和16S rRNA基因序列对比对菌株进行了鉴定,确定SYP-1为代尔夫特菌属(Delftia sp.),SYP-2、SYP-4和SYP-11为海杆菌属(Marinobacter sp.),SYP-3和SYP-5为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)。初步的降解能力试验表明,6株降解菌7 d内可使初始浓度为50 mg·L~(-1)的芘降解率达42.3%～68.8%,使初始浓度为5 mg·L~(-1)的苯并[a]芘降解率达27.0%～49.4%。经耐盐碱特性分析,株菌SYP-1、SYP-2、SYP-3和SYP-11的可生长盐度范围为0～20%,SYP-4和SYP-5的可生长盐度范围为0～15%,6株菌均可在pH为5～10的环境中生长。选择了对芘和苯并[a]芘同时具有较高降解能力的4株菌SYP-2、SYP-3、SYP-4和SYP-11,分析了其在不同盐度和pH条件下对芘降解效率的影响,结果表明,无论在0～15%的盐度范围内还是在5～10的pH范围内,4株菌对芘均具有良好的降解效果。研究表明,所分离菌株具有较高的耐盐碱性,且对降解4环以上高环PAHs具有很大潜力。     

蚯蚓生物积累表征土壤中芘的生物有效性研究

利用蚯蚓作为测试生物，引入蚯蚓-土壤积累因子(Earthworm-Soil Accumulation Factor，ESAF)，就不同土壤中芘对蚯蚓的生物有效性进行了考察和研究。试验结果表明，蚯蚓在土壤中培养10d，体内积累芘的浓度达到平衡，积累浓度与土壤初始染毒浓度成显著正相关；土壤性质对土壤中芘的生物有效性具有非常重要的影响，土壤有机质、粘土矿含量越高，对芘的吸持能力越强，ESAF越小。     

The effects of temperature on benzo[a]pyrene metabolism and adduct formation in the gulf toadfish,Opsanus beta

In order to examine the effects of temperature on benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) metabolism and adduct formation in the absence of the effects of temperature on uptake, gulf toadfish,Opsanus beta, were given a dose of 0.05 mg/kg³H-BaPvia caudal vein cannulae at their acclimation temperatures. (18 or 28°C) or following an acute temperature change (18 to 28°C or 28 to 18°C). After 72h, BaP-derived radioactivity was detected in all tissues examined and, as in otherin vivo studies of fish, the highest levels were found in the bile, the liver and the kidney. Temperature did not affect the total amount of BaP metabolized and excreted to the bile, but there were significant quantitative differences between temperature treatments in the classes of Phase I metabolites accumulated. Fish acclimated to high temperature accumulated more BaP triols and tetrols (breakdown products of highly carcinogenic BaP diol epoxides) than fish acclimated at low temperature regardless of exposure temperature: the proportion of biliary metabolites as tetrols and triols in each of the four temperature treatments (acclimation: exposure temperature), 28:18, 28:28, 18:18 and 18:28°C were 21.3±3.6, 58.1±6.1, 14.2±1.8 and 20.9±3.2% (mean±SEM, n=4), respectively. Significant quantities of BaP-DNA and BaP-hemoglobin adducts were detected; however, only the amounts of BaP-DNA adducts showed sensitivity to temperature. As predicted from our metabolite data, high acclimation or exposure temperature led to a significant increase in the amount of BaP-DNA adducts formed: adduct formation in the temperature treatments, 28:18, 28:28, 18:18 and 18:28°C were 342±52, 526±51, 155±42 and 252±55 fg BaP/ µg DNA (mean±SEM, n=4), respectively. These results are discussed in the context of mechanisms of high temperature-enhancement of carcinogenesis in fish.     

镉-苯并（a）芘单一及复合污染对小麦种子萌发的影响

通过高等植物生态毒理试验,以根长、芽长和发芽率为主要测定指标,研究了镉-苯并（a）芘单一/复合污染对小麦种子萌发的影响,以考察两者复合污染的生态效应并筛选敏感毒性诊断指标。结果表明,镉与苯并（a）芘单一/复合污染条件下,小麦根伸长、芽长和发芽率均受到不同程度的影响。其中,镉单一污染条件下小麦的根长和芽长显著高于对照,表现为刺激生长效应;苯并（a）芘单一污染胁迫显著抑制了小麦根长和芽长的伸长;两者复合污染促进了小麦的生长。单一污染条件下,苯并（a）芘对小麦种子早期生长的毒害效应大于镉。两种污染物在供试浓度范围内相互作用的联合毒性效应为拮抗特征。3个指标中,小麦发芽率的指示效应最不明显。     

三叶草对污染土壤中芘的去除研究

Phytoremediation has been used as an emerging technology for remediation of soil contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), ubiquitous persistent environmental pollutants derived from natural and anthropogenic processes, in the last decade. In this study, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the potential of phytoremediation of pyrene from spiked soils planted with white clover (Trifolium repens) in the greenhouse with a series of pyrene concentrations ranging from 4.22 to 365.38 mg kg^-1. The results showed that growth of white clover on pyrenecontaminated soils was not affected. The removal of pyrene from the spiked soils planted with white clover was obviously higher than that from the unplanted soils. At the end of the experiment (60 d), the average removal ratio of pyrene in the spiked soils with white clover was 77%, which was 31% and 57% higher than those of the controls with or without micobes, respectively. Both roots and shoots of white clover took up pyrene from the spiked soils and pyrene uptake increased with the soil pyrene concentration. However, the plant-enhanced dissipation of soil pyrene may be the result of plant-promoted microbial degradation and direct uptake and accumulation of pyrene by white clover were only a small part of the pyrene dissipation. Bioconcentration factors of pyrene (BCFs, ratio of pyrene, on a dry weight basis, in the plant to that in the soil) tended to decrease with increase in the residual soil pyrene concentration. Therefore, removal of pyrene in the contaminated soils was feasible using white clove.