红菜薹栽培与育种研究进展(上)

从红菜薹的品种资源、遗传育种、良种繁育以及栽培生理、贮藏保鲜、品质安全等方面,综述了近20年来我国红菜薹研究的主要成果,可供今后我国红菜薹教学、科研和生产及宏观决策的参考.     

Metabolism of [ring-2,6-14]parathion in plant cell suspension cultures of carrot (Daucus carota), purple foxglove (Digitalis purpurea), soybean,thorn apple (Datura stramonium) and wheat (Triticum aestivum)

By means of standardized procedures, the metabolism of [ring-2,6-¹⁴C]-parathion was investigated in carrot (Daucus carota L.), purple foxglove (Digitalis purpurea L.), soybean (Glycine max Merrill cv. ?Mandarin’?, and Glycine max Merrill cv. ?Harosoy 63’? cultivated on B5 and Miller media, respectively), thorn apple (Datura stramonium L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cell suspension cultures. In the wheat and soybean (Mandarin) cells only 2.9 and 8.9%, respectively, of the applied parthion remained unmetabolized after 48 h of incubation, while 51.2, 57.9, 60.3, and 62.4% of the unchanged parent were detected in the D. purpurea, D. Stramonium, carrot and soybean (Harosoy) cultures, respectively. In all suspensions, paraoxon and 4-nitrophenol were found as phase I metabolites, thus demonstrating that plant tissues can catalyse oxidative desulfuration and dearylation of parathion. 4-Nitrophenol was also glycosylated with glucose and possibly galactose. Further, as yet unidentified, metabolites indicated that bio-transformations had also occurred at the aromatic moiety. Large amounts of non-extractable residues were detected in the wheat suspension (38.3%), while the other cultures showed a lower incorporation of ¹⁴C into insoluble cell material (0.9-9.4%). For a prospective ecotoxicological evaluation of the metabolic fate of pesticides and xenobiotics in plants in general, the differential metabolic capacity of plant cell cultures and plants should be taken into account.     

紫花针茅生殖器官形态的变异及其与环境因子的关系

紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)是青藏高原分布面积最广的植物之一,对高原环境具有广泛的适应性。该植物具有的锥形繁殖体(包括种子和附属结构),是其适应环境的主要特征之一。为揭示该植物对高原环境的适应性表现,本研究对不同纬度的20个紫花针茅种群繁殖体的形态特征及其与环境的关系进行比较研究。结果表明,1)种长的变化幅度为0.692~1.255 cm,种宽的变化幅度为0.392~0.713 mm,芒长的变化幅度为2.394~8.736cm,种子重的变化幅度为0.678~1.560 mg。芒长和种子重具有较高的种群间变异系数。种子重与种长呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01),和芒长呈显著正相关关系(P0.05);种长、种宽、芒长相互之间均呈极显著正相关关系。2)种长、种子重与等效纬度均呈显著正相关关系,与年均降水量均呈显著负相关关系;种长与年均温呈现出凸型变异的关系。3)20个种群依据繁殖体特征进行聚类分析可分为3组,聚类结果与地理分布基本一致。     

A greenhouse screening technique to assess rust resistance in sorghum∗

Abstract

Studies were conducted to determine the influence of plant growth stage, inoculum density, temperature, and relative humidity (RH) on development of rust (Puccinia pupurea) in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Rust development was maximum (>80% severity), when plants of a susceptible sorghum genotype (IS 18420) were inoculated at the four‐ to five‐leaf stage with an inoculum concentration of 4 × 10⁶ urediniospores per ml and incubated at 20–25°C under high RH (>90%) for 24 h. Disease severity (percentage leaf area covered with rust pustules) scores were taken 2 weeks after inoculation. Using this technique, 29 sorghum genotypes were screened for rust resistance in a greenhouse. This technique proved effective In discerning resistant and susceptible genotypes, and IS 3979, ICSH 110, ICSH 86647 and ICSH 871035 were identified resistant (<20% rust severity) compared with a susceptible control IS 18420 (90% rust severity). This technique is simple and rapid, and can be used effectively and economically to screen, on a large scale, germplasm lines and breeding populations in the greenhouse.     

尾叶桉等植物叶提取液对几种植物插条生根和种子萌发的影响

尾叶桉等植物叶提取液对几种植物插条生根和种子萌发的影响＊黄卓烈林韶湘谭绍满林松煜杨国清莫晓勇关键词尾叶桉落地生根紫竹梅水竹草插条生根种子萌发桉树是相当难生根的植物。当用桉树的成熟枝条扦插时成功率极低［１］，甚至成活率为零［２］。柳树和杨树则是较容易生...     

红菜苔种株采收适期的研究

该试验分析了红菜苔（Brassicacampestuisvarpurpurea）种株不同采收期对种子产量和种子质量的影响。种子质量是以种子活力、种子发芽力和种子大小进行评价的。结果显示，红菜苔十月红一号品种在种株最老熟荚果内籽粒变色后13天为最佳采收期。     

氮磷钾配施对紫锥菊有效成分含量的影响

研究氮磷钾施肥对紫锥菊有效成分含量的影响。通过液体培养试验,初步分析不同施肥条件下紫锥菊中咖啡酸、绿原酸、单咖啡酰酒石酸和菊苣酸的含量变化。结果表明,N肥对4种有效成分影响各不相同,P肥以不施为宜,高量K肥对紫锥菊植株中4种有效成分的积累都是有利的。不施P肥,450 mg/L的N肥,783mg/L的K肥最有利于植株中主要有效成分菊苣酸的积累。     

铜盐毒害对紫鸭跖草养分吸收和生长的影响

通过含有不同浓度CuSO4的Hoagland营养液培养紫鸭跖草枝条,研究了紫鸭跖草对铜的耐性和超积累以及铜胁迫下紫鸭跖草生长和营养状况.结果表明:紫鸭跖草根部铜的积累量低浓度Cu2 供应时增加幅度不大,高浓度Cu2 供应时增加幅度较大;茎部的情况与根部相似;但叶部在低浓度Cu2 供应时铜的积累量几乎没有变化,高浓度Cu2 供应时铜的积累量增幅较大.在500 μmol · L-1和1 000 μmol · L-1铜处理下,紫鸭跖草整株铜积累量分别为866 mg · kg-1(DW)和1 130 mg · kg-1(DW).紫鸭跖草对铜的吸收和转运效率与铜的供给量呈正相关性.100～250 μmol · L-1铜的供应能明显促进紫鸭跖草生长.高浓度铜促进了钾、钙的吸收而阻碍了锌的吸收及镁向地上部分的运输,尽管如此,氮、磷、钾、镁、钙的浓度均在满足常规植物正常生长的浓度范围内.铜胁迫下对根部蛋白质表达活跃,氨基酸含量增加.研究结果表明紫鸭跖草对铜有很大耐性和富集能力.     

盐胁迫对松果菊生长及其菊苣酸含量的影响

为了探讨盐胁迫对松果菊生长及其药用成分菊苣酸含量的影响,分别以0、30、60、90、120和150 mmol?L-1的NaCl处理土培的松果菊植株,并测定处理后的松果菊盐害指数、鲜重、干重以及菊苣酸含量。结果表明：盐害指数随着盐浓度的升高而升高;120 mmol?L-1及以下浓度的NaCl处理对松果菊鲜重影响并不明显,而150 mmol?L-1时则使鲜重显著降低;随着盐浓度的升高,松果菊干重呈逐渐减小的趋势;菊苣酸含量随盐浓度的升高呈先升高再下降的趋势,在90 mmol?L-1时达到最大值;菊苣酸的单株产量在盐浓度为0~60 mmol?L-1时无显著变化,在90 mmol?L-1时显著升高,之后显著降低。盐胁迫虽然对松果菊生长产生了一定的盐害作用,但在一定的盐浓度范围内（0~90 mmol?L-1）也同时提高了菊苣酸的含量水平。     

Tissue Culture and Rapid Propagation of Echinacea Purpurea

It is a burgeoning application field for the biotechnology that to apply the technique of plant tissue culture breed seedling. The authors study the responses of Echinacea purpurea to different proportion plant growth hormone or auxin through adopting the culture tissue technique on the MS. The integrated seedling of Echinacea purpurea can be cultivated by callus, subculture, differentiation and rhizogenesis. The surviving rate of Echinacea purpurea seedling transplant are improved by appropriate sound stimulation appropriate. Study harvest offers the gist for the large-scale breeding seedling and the officinal resource exploitation of Echinacea purpurea in our country, and avoid some traditional handicap in breeding seedling of Echinacea purpurea, such as the difficult of seed collection, low burgeoning rate, and the disadvantage for large-scale propagation.