玉米子粒库容潜力研究进展

本文综述了玉米子粒胚乳细胞和淀粉粒的建成过程及内外影响因素,讨论了子粒库容的研究方向。     

哈尼梯田景观水源林区土壤水分垂直变化与持水性能

采用ThetaProbeML2x土壤水分测定仪和环刀取样法对哈尼梯田景观水源林区主要植被类型(林地和草地)下0—300cm土层的土壤水分特征及其持水性能进行了研究。研究结果表明:(1)各样地〔样地Ⅰ(林地),样地Ⅱ(林地),样地Ⅲ(草地)〕土壤水分垂直分布为"双峰"波动型,样地Ⅰ和Ⅲ波动弱,样地Ⅱ波动剧烈,拐点出现在60,140和230cm土层附近,土壤水分运动趋势在拐点处受邻层土壤含水量影响大;(2)粉沙性质地土壤(样地Ⅱ)水分变异系数高于黏性质地土壤(样地Ⅰ,Ⅲ);林地土壤水分变异系数大于草地土壤;(3)样地Ⅰ土壤和草地Ⅲ土壤蓄水量均较样地Ⅱ高,且其值相近,黏性壤土的蓄水能力优于粉沙性土壤;(4)水源林区0—160cm土层最大持水量和毛管持水量由大到小均表现为:样地Ⅰ样地Ⅲ样地Ⅱ;非毛管持水量由大到小表现为:样地Ⅱ样地Ⅰ样地Ⅲ,样地Ⅰ和样地Ⅲ的土壤水源涵蓄能力较强,样地Ⅱ土壤调节水分能力较强。     

基于地统计学的三峡库区重庆段耕地人口承载力时空特征研究

采用三峡库区2007和2010年遥感数据及社会经济统计数据,采用全覆盖的20 km×20 km网格划分空间样地,运用地统计学方法对三峡库区重庆段耕地人口承载力空间分布特征进行了模拟与分析。结果表明,2007-2010年三峡库区耕地承载力盈亏值发生改变。2007年耕地承载力超载463.76万人,2010年耕地承载人口具有56.57万人的潜力空间。三峡库区耕地承载力具有明显的趋势效应,东西方向呈1阶,南北方向呈多阶。耕地承载力的空间相关性较高。三峡库区耕地承载力空间分布呈现明显的条带状,并具有由西南到东北逐渐降低的趋势。2007-2010年,耕地承载力空间分布有所变化,主城9区的西南部承载力上升,江津区以及长寿区的耕地承载力降低明显。     

Phosphorus accumulation and leaching risk of greenhouse vegetable soils in Southeast China

Over-fertilization has caused significant phosphorus(P) accumulation in Chinese greenhouse vegetable production(GVP) soils. This study, for the first time, quantified profile P accumulation directly from soil P measurements, as well as subsoil P immobilization, in three alkaline coarse-textured GVP soil profiles with 5(S5), 15(S15), and 30(S30) years of cultivation in Tongshan, Southeast China. For each profile, soil samples were collected at depths of 0–10(topsoil), 10–20, 20–40, 40–60, 60–80, and 80–100 cm. Phosphorus accumulation was estimated from the difference in P contents between topsoil and parent material(60–100 cm subsoil). Phosphorus mobility was assessed from measurements of water-soluble P concentration(PSol). Finally, P sorption isotherms were produced using a batch sorption experiment and fitted using a modified Langmuir model. High total P contents of 1 980(S5), 3 190(S15), and 2 330(S30) mg kg~(-1) were measured in the topsoils versus lower total P content of approximately 600 mg kg~(-1) in the 80–100 cm subsoils. Likewise, topsoil PSol values were very high, varying from 6.4 to 17.0 mg L~(-1). The estimated annual P accumulations in the topsoils were 397(S5), 212(S15), and 78(S30) kg ha~(-1) year~(-1). Sorption isotherms demonstrated the dominance of P desorption in highly P-saturated topsoils, whereas the amount of adsorbed P increased in the 80–100 cm subsoils with slightly larger P adsorption capacity. The total P adsorption capacity of the 80–100 cm subsoils at a solution P concentration of0.5 mg L~(-1) was 15.7(S5), 8.7(S15), and 6.5(S30) kg ha~(-1), demonstrating that subsoils were unable to secure P concentrations in leaching water below 0.5 mg L~(-1) because of their insufficient P-binding capacity.     

Soil micromorphological and physical properties after application of composts with polyethylene and biocomponent-derived polymers added during composting

Composts are considered to be one of the best soil amendments. However, the effects of composts with added polymeric materials on soil physical,hydraulic, and micromorphological properties have not been widely discussed. Changes in soil physical properties influence the numerous services that soils provide. We studied the impacts of composts with the addition of three different polymers(F1–F3) produced from polyethylene and thermoplastic corn starch on the physical, hydraulic, and micromorphological properties of two soils, a Cambic Phaeozem and a Luvic Phaeozem. Applying composts with polymers had limited or no significant effect on soil bulk density and porosity, but increased the field water capacity by 18%–82% and 3%–6% and the plant-available water content by 15%–23% and 4%–17% for the Cambic Phaeozem and Luvic Phaeozem, respectively. The application of composts with polymers had a greater effect on the Cambic Phaeozem than on the Luvic Phaeozem. It was suggested that the use of modified composts led to changes in soil physical properties and micromorphological features and this effect was dependent on the compost application rate. Composts made with the addition of composite synthetic and natural material-derived polymers during composting were found to be a composite mixture that can be successfully used in agriculture.     

辽西北半干旱区煤炭资源型城市环境容量评价

以中国辽西北地区煤炭资源型城市阜新市为研究对象,对该市生态环境特点进行了分析。采用层次分析法和生态环境容量指数法,建立了生态环境容量评价指标体系及评价权重,计算了生态环境容量现状值,并对该市当前所处的生态环境状态进行了评价。结果表明,阜新市目前的生态环境容量评价值为0.316 7,属于生态环境容量分级标准中的第4级,说明阜新市当前的生态环境容量处于较低状态,自然生态系统承载能力已经接近极限。这与城市多年来的煤炭开采活动密不可分。未来应关注经济开发活动和自然生态环境的协调发展,从而改善城市生态环境,促进城市可持续发展。     

不同经营措施对油松林枯落物持水性能的影响研究

为了评价不同经营措施对油松人工林枯落物持水能力的影响,通过带状皆伐、封禁抚育、孔状择伐、修枝抚育、引进灌木这5种措施,并以未封禁作为对照的实验方法,分别在抚育开始、抚育后2a、抚育后4a对枯落物的储量、最大含水量、自然含水量和有效拦蓄量进行了测定和评价。结果表明:(1)枯落物储量和持水性能随抚育时间的延长呈增加趋势。(2)不同经营措施下,抚育后2和4a的枯落物储量大小顺序均为:带状皆伐>封育恢复>孔状择伐>修枝抚育>引进灌木>未封禁枯落物最大含水量在抚育后1~2a内排序为:引进灌木>封育恢复>带状皆伐>孔状择伐>修枝抚育,抚育后2~4a排序为:引进灌木>带状皆伐>封育恢复>孔状择伐>修枝抚育>未封禁自然含水量在抚育后1~2a排序为:封育恢复>引进灌木>孔状择伐>带状皆伐>修枝抚育>未封禁,在抚育后2~4a表现出:引进灌木>封育恢复>孔状择伐>带状皆伐>修枝抚育>未封禁有效拦蓄量变化趋势表现为:带状皆伐>孔状择伐>引进灌木>封育恢复>修枝抚育>未封禁。     

生物成因施氏矿物去除模拟地下水中As(Ⅲ) 的研究：柱实验

To assess the feasibility of biogenic schwertmannite to act as a sorbent for removing arsenite from groundwater, a series of biogenic schwertmannite-packed column adsorption experiments were conducted on simulated As(III)-containing groundwater. Empty bed contact time (EBCT), As(III) concentration in effluent, and the removal efficiency of As(III) through the column were investigated at pH 8.0 and temperature 25 ± 0.5 °C. The results showed that the breakthrough curves were mainly dependent on EBCT values when the influent As(III) concentration was 500 μg L^-1 and the optimum EBCT was 4.0 min. When the effluent As(III) concentration reached 10 and 50 μg L^-1, the breakthrough volume for the schwertmannite adsorption columns were 4 200 and 5 600 bed volume (BV), with As(III) adsorption capacity of 2.1 and 2.8 mg g^-1, respectively. Biogenic schwertmannite could be regenerated by 1.0 mol L^-1 NaOH solution, and more than 80% of As(III) adsorbed on the surface of schwertmannite could be released after 3 successive regenerations. The breakthrough volume for the regenerated schwertmannite-packed column still maintained 4 000--4 200 BV when the As(III) concentration in effluent was below 10 μg L^-1. Compared with other sorbents for As(III) removal, the biogenic schwertmannite-packed column had a higher breakthrough volume and a much higher adsorption capacity, implying that biogenic schwertmannite was a highly efficient and potential sorbent to purify As(III)-contaminated groundwater.     

Excel软件在罐容计量中的应用

利用罐容计量油品容量时,通常需要通过内插计算来求得对应的容积值,以确定罐中油品的体积量。使用Excel软件可以实现内插计算的自动化,即用Excel软件制作一个罐容计算表,并将罐容表值存入计算表中,只要输入油高即可得出对应的容积值,迅速而准确。     

安邦河湿地自然保护区旅游环境承载力时空分异分析及调控策略

利用静态数学模型法对安邦河湿地自然保护区旅游环境承载力时间和空间的利用强度进行分析。结果表明：时间上,年平均承载力和日平均承载力为弱载,高峰期日平均承载力严重超载;空间上,景区内各景点客流量分布差异明显,个别景点出现严重超载。结论：安邦河湿地保护区旅游环境承载力存在着时空分异,生态旅游发展潜力大,最后提出了调节安邦河湿地旅游环境承载力时空分异的策略。