Anthropogenic effects on the physical and chemical properties of subtropical coastal urban soils

We investigated the effects of various anthropogenic factors on urban soil properties in subtropical, coastal Tampa, FL, USA. Specifically, we explored the influence of (i) urbanization as measured by land use, land cover, population density and years since urban development and (ii) socioeconomic conditions as reflected in household income and property values on bulk density (BD) and several key soil chemical properties. Results indicate that Tampa’s urban soils were affected to varying degrees by these factors with chemical properties being more variable than BD. Across land uses significant differences were found for Mehlich‐1 (M1) extractable P, Ca and Na. A similar trend was observed for land‐cover classes, although significant differences were also found for pH and M1‐Cu. Soil properties had no statistically significant relationship with population density. However, time since urbanization did with M1‐P and Na varying significantly across age categories. For our socioeconomic analyses, M1‐K and Mg levels differed significantly by household income while pH, P, Ca and Na values differed significantly by property value. Overall, our findings indicate that despite their inherent heterogeneity, there are identifiable patterns among subtropical coastal urban soil properties. We suggest that a more thorough understanding of these patterns and their drivers is an essential first step towards developing soil management strategies aimed at maintaining environmental quality and ecosystem services in subtropical cities.     

境外网络游戏的软权力作用分析

境外网络游戏是软权力在文化领域的重要载体之一,正日益凸显其重要地位,大多是通过网络游戏的内容和背景展现出来,意在增加本国经济效益的同时,以达到能够吸引不同国家和地区的更多玩家,灌输和宣传本国的思想和文化,使之成为配合其各国软权力战略实施的双重作用。面对这种新的文化渗透模式,研究如何应对境外网络游戏的隐性影响,是目前研究的主要课题。     

用实例探析图书馆流通阅览服务中的语言艺术

图书馆讲究服务语言艺术是为读者提供优质服务的重要保障，研究通过几个实例提高图书馆员的服务语言艺术，以便于更好地为读者服务。     

Can epidemiology and economics make a meaningful contribution to national animal-disease control?

The general role of veterinary epidemiology and economics to national animal-disease control throughout the world is considered for the four main groupings of animal diseases: zoonotic, food-borne, endemic and epidemic diseases. This is done by considering how veterinary epidemiology and economics has contributed to priority setting (which diseases come first?), decision-making (for a given disease, which strategy is best?), and disease control implementation (how can optimal delivery and adoption of selected interventions best be achieved?). Within each of these categories, progress made and future opportunities are discussed. In addition, a review is made of how veterinary epidemiology and economics has been institutionalised. We conclude that veterinary epidemiology and economics holds a unique role in the development of national policies and strategies for improved animal health world-wide. However, we consider that we must capitalise more on the unique comparative advantage of the partnership between veterinarians and agricultural economists. We believe that much remains to be done to improve the "institutionalisation" of veterinary epidemiology and economics, and the adoption and impact of the products of our unique partnership, particularly in countries of the developing world.     

Privatization of Veterinary Services in Developing Countries: A Review

Increasing fiscal constraints on the government, a lackadaisical performance by public sector animal health and breeding services and pressure from donor partners have prompted the governments of various developing countries to rethink the role of the public sector in the provision of veterinary services. Various countries have started to implement, or have already implemented, privatization of some veterinary services. The results are mixed. It is established that private provision alone is not optimal, and a blend of private and public sector veterinary services is required to utilize the virtues of both.The privatization process has also begun in India. Certain state governments in India are pursuing a cost recovery approach and are encouraging private practitioners to cope with the financial constraints and to deliver broad and effective animal health and breeding services. This paper considers the global aspects of the privatization of veterinary services as well as the scenario in India, so as to gain an insight into the very complex and debatable issue of privatization of veterinary services.     

我国文化体制改革的人本原则

我国文化事业体制和机制的僵化导致了一系列的问题。发展我国文化事业必须坚持“以人为本”的原则，即遵循文化企事业单位和文化市场的发展规律，通过人本身的知识、能力和创新技术创造出文化产品和服务来充分满足人的精神文化需求，从而最终达到人的全面发展。     

论现代公诉权的价值构造

"公诉权"在我国被长期认为就是专指"刑事公诉权"。在这一片面认识的束缚下,"公诉权"很难被介入到民事、行政诉讼领域中,客观上阻却了公诉权的生存空间。其实,公诉权也是一种诉权,它除了涵盖刑事公诉权外,还应包括民事公诉权和行政公诉权。现代公诉权的确立,不仅便于我们对各个诉讼制度框架进行整体把握,而且有利于深化和挖掘公诉权理论的新内涵,科学合理地配置公诉权在具体制度中的应用,更好地保护国家和社会公共利益,以维护法制的统一。     

氮、磷和钾肥施用量对有机生态型无土栽培温室黄瓜产量影响的研究

采用二次回归饱和D-最优试验设计方法研究了固态N、P和K肥施用量对日光温室有机生态型无土栽培春茬黄瓜产量的影响,建立了N、P和K肥施用量与早、中、后期黄瓜产量形成之间的数学模型.试验结果表明:N、P及K对黄瓜的早期产量影响极显著,产量区间为2 400～3 260 g/小区的最佳施肥量(单位:g/株/次)为N 0.83,P2O5 0.37,K2O 0.86;P、K是影响黄瓜中期产量的主要因素,产量区间为6 400～9 200 g/小区的最佳施肥量分别为N 0.66,P2O5 0.33,K2O 0.90;黄瓜生长后期,N肥对黄瓜产量的影响极其显著,产量区间为2 000～2 940 g/小区的最佳施肥量为N 0.61,P2O5 0.40,K2O 0.94.     

Status of black grass (Alopecurus myosuroides) resistance to acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase inhibitors in France

We assessed the contributions of target site‐ and non‐target site‐based resistance to herbicides inhibiting acetyl‐coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) in Alopecurus myosuroides (black grass). A total of 243 A. myosuroides populations collected across France were analysed using herbicide sensitivity bioassay (24 300 seedlings analysed) and ACC genotyping (13 188 seedlings analysed). Seedlings resistant to at least one ACC‐inhibiting herbicide were detected in 99.2% of the populations. Mutant, resistant ACC allele(s) were detected in 56.8% of the populations. Among the five resistant ACC alleles known in A. myosuroides, alleles containing an isoleucine‐to‐leucine substitution at codon 1781 were predominant (59.5% of the plants containing resistant ACC alleles). Comparison of the results from herbicide sensitivity bioassays with genotyping indicated that more than 75% of the plants resistant to ACC‐inhibiting herbicides in France would be resistant via increased herbicide metabolism. Analysis of herbicide application records suggested that in 15.9% of the populations studied, metabolism‐based resistance to ACC‐inhibiting herbicides was mostly selected for by herbicides with other modes of action. Our study revealed the importance of non‐target site‐based resistance in A. myosuroides. Using herbicides with alternative modes of action to control populations resistant to ACC‐inhibiting herbicides, the recommended management approach, may thus be jeopardised by the widespread occurrence of metabolism‐based resistance mechanisms conferring broad‐spectrum cross‐resistance.     

Significance of leaf infection by Botrytis cinerea in stem rotting of tomatoes grown in non-heated greenhouses

The most serious symptom of Botrytis cinerea in tomatoes grown in greenhouses is stem rotting. Lesions on the stem may result from direct infection or from progression of the rot along infected leaves, until infection approaches the stem. In a set of experiments conducted in commercial greenhouses, an experimental greenhouse and growth chambers, the significance of the two types of stem infections was studied. In non-heated greenhouses most of the stem lesions originated from progression of the pathogen along infected petioles. The rate at which B. cinerea had progressed on infected petioles was 0.3–0.5 cm/day, an average of ca. 6 weeks was needed for a leaf infection to approach the stem. Application of Trichoderma harzianum T39 extended this time by 1–2 weeks and application of chemical fungicides by 3 weeks. Influence of the environment on the progression of B. cinerea along infected petioles was then determined. Within range of 5–30 °C, the higher the temperature, the more rapid was the rate of disease progression. The fungus progressed more rapidly on tomato petioles incubated at high vapour pressure deficit (VPD) rather than at low VPD. The source-sink relationship of the plant governed the rate of B. cinerea progression along the petioles as well: it was more rapid when the source was restricted (by shading) and slower when the sink was restricted (by removal of flowers and small fruits). The possibility that sanitation of infected leaflets would reduce the incidence of stem rotting was examined in two experiments. In plots not treated with a fungicide, the sanitation treatment substantially decreased the incidence of stem lesions and this treatment was as effective as weekly application of chemical fungicides.