Random point sampling to detect gain and loss in tree canopy cover in response to urban densification

Urban tree canopy cover (UTC) is a simple, and common, measure of urban forest resource. Urban infill development is likely to lead to losses in UTC under private tenure, at a time when local governments are setting ambitious targets to increase UTC overall. Simple, statistically rigorous methods are required to benchmark and track change in UTC, whilst identifying which land-use types or tenures experience change.We estimated UTC in six Melbourne suburbs in 2010 and 2015 by randomly sampling 2000 points across public land, public streetscapes and private land. We were able to detect a net change in UTC of <2% over five years to a 95% level of confidence. A significant net decrease in UTC (−2.4%) was only detected in one of the six suburbs. Two suburbs had a net increase in UTC by +2.7% over five years. On private land, there was often areas of UTC loss, but this was generally offset by canopy gain in other areas of the private realm as well as in streetscapes and public land. Losses in UTC on private land were mainly due to tree removal, with or without subsequent construction works.This study describes a simple, but statistically rigorous, method to quantify UTC change and the drivers of change in different land-use types and tenure. Despite studying two suburbs will high rates of infill development, only one suburb showed evidence of net UTC decrease. The ‘dynamic equilibrium’ in UTC, whereby canopy losses area approximately offset by concurrent canopy gain, means that ambitious targets being set by local governments to increase UTC may be difficult to achieve without changes in tree protection and infill development policy and planning.     

农业院校图书馆印刷型外文期刊利用状况的统计分析

在电子期刊蓬勃发展并日益得到读者青睐的新时代,馆藏印刷型外文期刊的利用率降低;更由于各高校图书馆的经费与存储空间有限,导致外文印刷型期刊在采购和收藏上存在很大的困难。通过对东北农业大学图书馆五年来读者阅览和复印外刊的变化统计,显示出印刷型外刊在广大的农业院校读者群中还有其存在的意义和作用,为各高校图书馆采购和收藏外刊提供可靠的数据依据。     

高校图书馆大流通环境下的读者教育与管理探析

大流通运行模式已在高校图书馆普遍运用，其优势非常明显，但存在的问题也比较突出。通过对大流通的内涵、特征及其在大流通环境下存在的问题进行分析，指出了产生问题的主要原因，提出了图书馆加强读者教育与管理的思路。     

中国图书馆电子资源联盟采购的实践与思考

[目的/意义]梳理国内图书馆电子资源联盟采购现状,剖析存在问题,提出改进建议。[方法/过程]结合不同类图书馆采购联盟的发展背景、用户需求及客观现实条件,阐述不同类图书馆联盟采购的发展概况,深入分析组织管理架构、采购流程及经费分摊方式等,总结特色亮点,剖析存在的短板或问题。借鉴国内外图书馆联盟采购典型案例和相关研究成果,结合国内图书馆在经费及平台方面的客观实际,分别从6方面提出对策与建议。[结果/结论]建立并完善相关运作机制;优化价格模式、拓展筹资渠道;综合内容、使用和服务等多维数据建立电子资源评价指标体系;深度整合联盟内部资源,构建统一信息交流平台建设;提高法律意识,捍卫长期保存与永久使用权;重视多方合作、灵活组建不同类型联盟、增强竞争实力等,是有效提升图书馆联盟采购效益的良策。     

新媒体时代公共图书馆创新服务研究——以重庆图书馆为例

随着新媒体时代的到来,人们接受信息的途径也有了全新的变化。新媒体给公共图书馆带来了机遇和挑战,公共图书馆面对种种挑战,积极创新服务,增强服务能力,提高服务水平和质量。     

高校图书馆人才危机及其对策

随着信息技术的发展和人们信息需求水平的提高,高校图书馆的人才危机也发生了变化,主要体现为高校图书馆馆员有限的能力与读者日益提高的信息需求水平的矛盾。这是由于高校图书馆馆员偏低的学历层次、不合理的学科结构以及较低的工作积极性所造成的。对此,提出了诸如建立有效的交流机制、激励机制、人员流动机制以及提升馆员学历层次等办法及建议,来缓和这一矛盾。     

高职数字图书馆个性化信息推荐服务研究

介绍了高职数字图书馆个性化信息服务的含义、服务模式、服务方式、重要性及存在的问题,提出了高职数字图书馆开展个性化信息服务的措施。     

Can additional N fertiliser ameliorate the elevated CO2‐induced depression in grain and tissue N concentrations of wheat on a high soil N background?

Elevated CO₂ stimulates crop yields but leads to lower tissue and grain nitrogen concentrations [N], raising concerns about grain quality in cereals. To test whether N fertiliser application above optimum growth requirements can alleviate the decline in tissue [N], wheat was grown in a Free Air CO₂ Enrichment facility in a low‐rainfall cropping system on high soil N. Crops were grown with and without addition of 50–60 kg N/ha in 12 growing environments created by supplemental irrigation and two sowing dates over 3 years. Elevated CO₂ increased yield and biomass (on average by 25%) and decreased biomass [N] (3%–9%) and grain [N] (5%). Nitrogen uptake was greater (20%) in crops grown under elevated CO₂. Additional N supply had no effect on yield and biomass, confirming high soil N. Small increases in [N] with N addition were insufficient to offset declines in grain [N] under elevated CO₂. Instead, N application increased the [N] in straw and decreased N harvest index. The results suggest that conventional addition of N does not mitigate grain [N] depression under elevated CO₂, and lend support to hypotheses that link decreases in crop [N] with biochemical limitations rather than N supply.     

网络时代高校图书馆信息资源建设研究

信息技术给高校图书馆的发展带来了机遇和挑战,信息资源已经成为高校图书馆馆藏资源的重要组成部分。从理论、观念、服务模式等方面阐述了信息时代高校图书馆信息资源建设应采取的措施。     

新时期公共图书馆为农民工提供信息服务初探

以我国全面推进公益性文化设施免费开放的政策为背景．通过分析农民工主要的信息需求和公共图书馆为农民工提供信息服务的可行性．提出了公共图书馆为农民工提供信息服务的有效措施。