青海省大通县退耕还林生态功能综合评价

根据生态经济学原理,采用层次分析法（AHP）,建立了黄河上游退耕还林还草综合生态效益评价指标体系和数学模型。以青海大通县为例,对天然云杉林、退耕林地、天然荒草地、天然灌丛等植被类型进行综合生态效益评价,与农田生态系统进行对比研究。评价结果表明：天然云杉林、退耕林地、天然灌丛等类型的生态效益指数均大于农田生态系统,其综合生态效益指数排列顺序为,天然云杉林＞退耕林地＞天然灌丛＞农地＞天然荒草地。这一研究结果可为黄河上游退耕还林生态工程建设提供参考。     

桂南地区杉木马尾松人工实生林多形地位指数曲线模型

利用桂南地区收集的人工实生林分标准地材料和优势解析木杉木９３株，马尾松１６２株，建立优势高生长Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄｓ模型。用参数预估法编制桂南地区的杉木、马尾松实生林多形地位指数表。杉木、马尾松各指数级曲线拟合平均剩余标准差分别是０．２９４３ｍ和０．２３２３ｍ；经另外６８株和５２株优势解析木检验，预报误差分别为０．４８７ｍ和０．５０６ｍ，适应性好。     

基于自然灾害系统理论的辽宁省玉米干旱风险分析

为了减轻旱灾对辽宁地区玉米生产的影响,该文通过对辽宁省23个气象站点46 a气象数据和气象站点所在县玉米产量、种植面积的分析,用实际干旱发生频率、农业气象干旱发生频率、玉米生产相对暴露率和单产水平等4个因素构建了辽宁地区玉米干旱风险指数,用社会科学统计程序(statistical program for social sciences)和地理信息系统(geographic information system)对辽宁地区玉米干旱进行了风险分析和风险区划。结果表明,辽宁省有30%的站点处于玉米干旱较高或高风险区,主要分布于辽西山地丘陵和辽南沿海地区;玉米干旱中等风险区主要分布在辽西走廊和辽中平原及渤海湾附近地区;玉米干旱低风险区主要分布在辽东山地丘陵地带。经检验50%以上站点的干旱风险指数与玉米相对气象产量显著相关。所构建的辽宁地区玉米干旱风险指数能客观地反应干旱对玉米生产的影响。该研究为玉米避灾和减灾管理提供科学依据。     

POTASSIUM UPTAKE CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO MAIZE HYBRIDS AND THEIR PARENTS UNDER THE STRESS FROM A LOW AMOUNT OF POTASSIUM

The objective was to study the relationship between maize hybrids and their parents in potassium ion (K⁺)-uptake characteristics under the stress from a low amount of potassium. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, the potassium utilization index (KUI), root volume, total and active root uptake area, Michaelis-Menten coefficient (Km), and the maximum rate of uptake (Vm) of different maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes were determined. SOD activity and MDA content in the leaves of Si144, Xianyu335 and PH4CV were significantly higher than the control, whereas for Jidan27, Si-287 and PH6WC, no differences were detected. Jidan27 showed a higher KUI than Xianyu335 under 0.1 mM potassium chloride (KCl), but no differences were observed under 3 mM KCl. Jidan27, Si287, and PH6WC had a greater root volume, total and active uptake areas, higher Vm and smaller Km than the other genotypes under 0.1 mM KCl. The differences in the KUI among maize genotypes resulted from variation in the Km to a greater extent than the Vm. These results indicate that potassium absorption characteristics of the low-K⁺-tolerance genotype, Jidan27 resembled its female parent, Si-287, whereas that of the stress-sensitive genotype, Xianyu335 was more like its male parent, PH4CV.     

氮磷调控及紫云英配施提高早稻冠层特性和产量

为揭示不同氮、磷施用量及配合翻压适量紫云英入田对早稻冠层特性和产量的影响,在7个施氮、3个施磷及2个不施氮/磷水平下,开展早稻全生育期叶面积指数LAI、冠层光合有效辐射PAR传输特性、叶片叶绿素SPAD值、生育后期剑叶净光合速率Pn及产量的试验观测。结果表明,氮磷调控可显著影响早稻LAI、叶片叶绿素含量和叶片光合速率,进而通过调节LAI影响冠层PAR传输特性,最终表现为产量上的差异。缺氮对早稻的影响显著高于缺磷,但在施肥充足时,磷肥对产量的影响比氮肥更加显著。早稻冠层特性和产量随氮、磷施用量的增加表现出边际递减效应,当施用量超过某一值时出现拐点,最终表现为产量的下降。在赣抚平原灌区,187.5~225 kg/hm2施氮量和60~120 kg/hm2施磷量以及翻压15 000 kg/hm2紫云英鲜草入田可有效提高早稻LAI和冠层PAR截获率In以及叶片叶绿素含量,维持剑叶生长期内较高的净光合速率Pn,获得高产。     

Bioassay-directed Fractionation of Organic Extracts of Marine Surface Sediments from the North and Baltic Sea - Part II: Results of the biotest battery and development of a biotest index (8 pp)

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Part I: Determination and identification of organic pollutants Part II: Results of the biotest battery and development of a biotest index

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Preamble. This series of two papers presents the results of an interdisciplinary research project (ISIS) dealing with bioassay-directed fractionation of marine sediment extracts. Part I presents the extraction and fractionation procedure as well as the results of chemical analysis, including non-target analysis of sediments. Part II describes the results of the biotest battery in relation to chemicals possibly causing parts of the observed effects. A biotest index is used to compare the toxicities of the samples.

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AUTHORS / AFFILIATIONS Ninja Reineke (3), Werner Wosniok (4), Dirk Danischewski (1), Heinrich Hühnerfuss (3), Angelika Kinder (5), Arne Sierts-Herrmann (5), Norbert Theobald (2), Hans-Heinrich Vahl (6), Michael Vobach (1), Johannes Westendorf (6) and Hans Steinhart (5).

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(1) Federal Research Centre for Fisheries, Institute for Fishery Ecology, Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg, Germany (2) Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency, Bernhard-Nochtstr. 78, 20359 Hamburg, Germany (3) University of Hamburg, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany (4) University of Bremen, Institute of Statistics, Bibliothekstr. 1, 28334 Bremen, Germany (5) University of Hamburg, Institute for Food Chemistry, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany (6) University of Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department for Toxicology, Vogt-Kölln-Str. 30, 22527 Hamburg, Germany (7) Eurofins Wiertz-Eggert-Jörissen, Stenzelring 14b, 21107 Hamburg, Germany

Goal, Scope and Background

The ecological relevance of contaminants in mixtures is difficult to assess, because of possible interactions and due to lacking toxicity data for many substances present in environmental samples. Marine sediment extracts, which contain a mixture of environmental contaminants in low concentrations, were the object of this study. The extracts were investigated with a set of different biotests in order to identify the compound or the substance class responsible for the toxicity. For this goal, a combination of biotests, biotest-directed fractionation and chemical analysis has been applied. Further on, a strategy for the development of a biotest index to describe the toxicity of the fractions without a prior ranking of the test results is proposed. This article (Part II) focuses on the biological results of the approach.

Methods

The toxicological potential of organic extracts of sediments from the North Sea and the Baltic Sea was analyzed in a bioassay-directed fractionation procedure with a set of biotests: luciferase reporter gene assays on hormone receptor and Ah receptor, arabinose resistance test, fish embryo test (Danio rerio), comet assay, acetylcholinesterase inhibition test, heat-shock protein 70 induction, oxidative stress and luminescence inhibition test (Vibrio fischeri). The test results provided the basis for the calculation of a biotest index by factor analysis to compare the toxicity of the samples and fractions.

Results and Discussion

Results of 11 biotests on different fractionation levels of the samples were described and discussed with regard to the occurrence of contaminants and their toxic potentials. Polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, quinones, brominated indoles and brominated phenols were in the focus of interest. A biotest index was constructed to compare the toxic responses in the samples and to group the biotest results.

Conclusion

The procedure presented in this study is well suited for bioassay-directed fractionation of marine sediment extracts. However, in relatively low contaminated samples, high enrichment factors and sufficient fractionation is necessary to allow identification of low concentrations of contaminants which is required to link effects and possible causes. In the present case, the relation between substances and effects was difficult to uncover due to relatively low concentrations of pollutants compared to the biogenic matrix and to the remaining complexity of the fractions. The results, with respect to the brominated phenols and indoles in the samples, highlight the successful use of bioassay directed fractionation in the case of high concentrations and high toxicity.

Recommendation and Outlook

In general, it has been shown that a marine risk assessment requires focusing on the input of diffuse sources and taking into account the fact of mixture toxicity. Effects resulting from biogenic substances will make the assessment of the influence of anthropogenic substances even more difficult.     

基于修正介电常数模型的煤矿区复垦土壤压实评价

模拟复垦机械对试验区土壤进行不同程度的压实,在探地雷达获取土壤介电常数的基础上,检验并修正了4种经典复合介电常数模型,并结合野外试验对修正后的模型通用性进行了验证。结果表明,土壤介电常数与土壤压实指标(土壤紧实度、容重、孔隙率等)相关系数89%,可以表征土壤压实状况;原有复合介电常数模型虽然存在误差不能直接使用,但模型计算值与实测值相关系数0.99,修正后二者拟合误差1%;在野外试验中,基于修正后的介电常数模型反算的土壤压实指标(容重、孔隙率)与实验室测量值误差率5%,通用性较好。表明在科学布设测线以保证探地雷达准确获取土壤介电常数的前提下,可以通过修正后的复合介电常数模型对煤矿区复垦土壤压实状况进行全面客观的评价。     

新疆南疆地区城市化发展与耕地资源协调性分析

基于南疆地区1989—2012年的社会,经济统计数据应用一元线性回归模型和协调度分析法,采用1990年,2000年,2010年3期Landsat TM,ETM+、ALOS/AVNIR-2数据作为数据源,提取城市和耕地面积信息,分析南疆地区城市化水平和耕地资源的变动情况、相关性以及协调性,找出城市化水平和耕地资源的互动关系,有助于为当地政府城市规划和进一步发展提供参考依据。结果表明:(1)近24a南疆地区处于城市化较慢的发展时期,其中城市化水平最高的是库尔勒市,较高的有阿克苏市、喀什市、和田市,最低的是阿图什市;(2)库尔勒、阿克苏、喀什等城市的耕地面积出现增长趋势,阿图什市和和田市耕地面积呈递减趋势;(3)1989—2012年南疆地区耕地资源与城市化水平的协调关系逐渐向良性发展,从1990年的不协调变了2012年的基本协调,说明研究期间南疆地区城市化水平与耕地资源协调度各年份的变化均不一致。     

Assessing the effects of the clumping phenomenon on BRDF of a maize crop based on 3D numerical scenes using DART model

Inverting radiative transfer (R-T) models against remote sensing observations to retrieve key biogeophysical parameters such as leaf area index (LAI) is a common approach. Even if new inversion techniques allow the use of three-dimensional (3D) models for that purpose, one-dimensional (1D) models are still widely used because of their ease of implementation and computational efficiency. Nevertheless, they assume a random distribution of foliage elements whereas most canopies show a clumped organization. Due to that crude simplification in the representation of the canopy structure, sizeable discrepancies can occur between 1D simulations and real canopy reflectance, which may further lead to false LAI values. The present investigation aims to appraise to which extent the incorporation of a clumping index (noted λ) into 1D R-T model could improve the simulations of Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF). Canopy BRDF is simulated here for three growth stages of a maize crop with the Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer (DART) model in the visible and near infrared spectral bands, for two contrasted soil types (dark and bright) and different levels of heterogeneity to represent the canopy structure. 3D numerical scenes are based on in-situ structural measurements and associated BRDF simulations are thus considered as references. 1D scenarios assume either that leaves are randomly distributed (λ = 1) or clumped (λ < 1). If BRDF simulations seem globally reliable under the assumption of a random distribution in near infrared, it can also lead to relative errors on the total BRDF up to 30% in the red spectral band. It comes out that the use of a clumping index in a 1D reflectance model generally improves BRDF simulations in the red considering a bright soil, which seems relatively independent of LAI. In the near infrared, best results are usually obtained with homogeneous canopies, except with the dark soil. Clearly, influent factors are mainly the LAI and the spectral contrast between soil and leaves.     

不同水分与养分水平对玉米叶绿素荧光特性的影响

通过对玉米拔节期叶片叶绿素荧光参数的测定，发现这些参数均受诸如水分、光热、养分等外界条件的影响。水分对叶绿素荧光参数的影响非常显著，随着水分的降低，玉米叶片的基础荧光增大，而可变荧光、PSⅡ光化学效率及PSⅡ潜在活性显著降低，因此，只要选择合适的测定时间，加快测定速度，叶绿素荧光可作为研究判断玉米水分胁迫程度的理想指标。