增施氮肥和地面管理对酸樱桃园土壤营养状况的影响

在一个连续进行了 ８年Ｎ肥定位试验的酸樱桃园,调查了每年施用 Ｎ６０ ｋｇ· ｈｍ~(－２)和行间生草制对土壤营养状况的影响。结果表明：在肥沃土壤里ＮＨ_４~＋是速效Ｎ的主要存在形式,而ＮＯ_３~－的含量很低。生草地土壤中含有较多的 ＮＨ_４~－,而清耕带土壤中含有较多的 ＮＯ_３~－。施肥增加土壤速效 Ｎ的含量。土壤 ＮＯ_３~－的季节性变化表明 ５至 ６月份土壤中 ＮＯ_３~－的含量高,而花前和 ７月份土壤中 ＮＯ_３~－含量低。 Ｐ、Ｋ在清耕带 １０ ｃｍ以下土壤的含量低于生草地土壤,但在 ０～ １０ｃｍ土层中Ｋ的含量高于生草地。Ｐ的含量不受影响。施Ｎ减少了土壤Ｐ、Ｋ的含量。土壤中Ｍｇ的含量分布均匀,不受施Ｎ和地面管理制度的影响。     

Impact of land‐use intensity on the relationships between vegetation indices,photosynthesis and biomass of intensively and extensively managed grassland fens

Vegetation indices are widely used as model inputs and for non‐destructive estimation of biomass and photosynthesis, but there have been few validation studies of the underlying relationships. To test their applicability on temperate fens and the impact of management intensity, we investigated the relationships between normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), leaf area index (LAI), brown and green above‐ground biomass and photosynthesis potential (PP). Only the linear relationship between NDVI and PP was management independent (R² = 0·53). LAI to PP was described by a site‐specific and negative logarithmic function (R² = 0·07–0·68). The hyperbolic relationship of LAI versus NDVI showed a high residual standard error (s.e.) of 1·71–1·84 and differed between extensive and intensive meadows. Biomass and LAI correlated poorly (R² = 0·30), with high species‐specific variability. Intensive meadows had a higher ratio of LAI to biomass than extensive grasslands. The fraction of green to total biomass versus NDVI showed considerable noise (s.e. = 0·13). These relationships were relatively weak compared with results from other ecosystems. A likely explanation could be the high amount of standing litter, which was unevenly distributed within the vegetation canopy depending on the season and on the timing of cutting events. Our results show there is high uncertainty in the application of the relationships on temperate fen meadows. For reliable estimations, management intensity needs to be taken into account and several direct measurements throughout the year are required for site‐specific correction of the relationships, especially under extensive management. Using NDVI instead of LAI could reduce uncertainty in photosynthesis models.     

Effects of selective cutting and timing of herbicide application on growth and development of Cirsium arvense in spring barley

Recently, a new implement for controlling weeds in cereals (CombCut) has been developed. It cuts weeds in growing cereals without damaging them by using the physical differences (in height, stem thickness, straw stiffness and branching pattern) between crops and weeds. To evaluate and compare the effects of selective cutting with different timings of herbicide application on Cirsium arvense in spring barley, a randomised block experiment was conducted in Sweden in 2015–2017, in a field with a naturally occurring C. arvense population. Treatments consisted of control (C), herbicide application at 4–5‐leaf stage of C. arvense (H1), herbicide application at 8–10‐leaf stage (H2) and selective cutting at 10‐leaf stage (S). The treatments were performed in 2015 and repeated in 2016 in the same plots, and a final evaluation was performed in 2017. Compared to the control, S, H1 and H2 were equally efficient in reducing above‐ground biomass production of C. arvense and increasing spring barley grain yield per unit area. The number of C. arvense shoots per area was, however, higher in S compared to H1 and H2. No differences in control effects on shoot number were observed between H1 and H2. Our study indicates that (i) selective cutting (S) reduces C. arvense equally efficient as herbicide application and (ii) early herbicide spraying is as efficient as spraying later in the season.     

内蒙古河套灌区隆胜节水农业示范区水盐动态分析

通过水管部门组织科技人员对河套灌区调研为基础,以农业综合节水为目的,在灌区的中游永济灌域隆胜乡境内建设了节水农业示范区,面积为0.28万hm2.节水农业改造工程主要措施:渠道防渗衬砌、平地缩块.节水农业改造工程2002年竣工后,在运行中监测了3年,得出灌溉水量平均减少了12.3%;对示范区水盐动态进行了分析.     

基于IL-HMMs预测模型的地下水埋深预测研究

以西北干旱典型县域磴口县为研究区,基于增量学习的改进隐马尔可夫预测模型(IL-HMMs),对区域地下水埋深进行了预测研究。为检验IL-HMMs模型预测效果,将模型预测结果与2013年长观井的实测数据进行了比较;同时为检验模型的优劣性,与未经增量学习的隐马尔可夫模型(HMMs)、加权马尔可夫链(WMCP)和BP神经网络(BP neural network,BPNN)预测模型的预测结果进行了比较。结果表明:与其他几种预测模型相比,IL-HMMs模型预测精度显著提高,误差更小,有较好的鲁棒性。并使用IL-HMMs模型对2018年地下水埋深进行了预测,预测结果表明,2018年地下水年平均埋深略有增加、局部区域地下水埋深增量加剧。基于IL-HMMs模型的地下水埋深预测具有很好稳定性的同时对新数据加入又有很好的鲁棒性,可为地下水埋深动态预测提供思路与方法补充,为区域地下水资源开发利用和保护提供重要依据。     

地源热泵稻谷干燥机板翅换热器的设计与试验

针对稻谷干燥机作业成本过高和干燥后的物料品质差的问题,将地源热泵技术应用于稻谷干燥机,设计了一套板翅式换热器加热空气,计算得出芯体结构与技术参数,以降低单位作业量成本,提高干燥后的物料品质。试验研究表明:当环境温度为环境温度16℃、空气相对湿度53.2%时,地源热泵稻谷干燥机与燃油稻谷干燥机的稻谷含水率降低速率无明显区别,稻谷干燥性能可达到同等效果;地源热泵稻谷干燥机干燥稻谷的单位作业量成本0.040 7元,而燃油稻谷干燥机干燥稻谷的单位作业量成本为0.190 5元,单位作业量成本明显降低;地源热泵稻谷干燥机的稻谷干燥不均度干燥前后降低幅度0.40%小于燃油稻谷干燥机的0.72%;地源热泵稻谷干燥机的破损率增加值0.16%,小于燃油稻谷干燥机的0.31%,地源热泵稻谷干燥机的爆腰率增加值2.0%,小于燃油稻谷干燥机的3.0%,干燥后的物料品质明显提高。     

对耕地保护的认识和思考

耕地保护的落实关系到我国的粮食安全,经济安全,生态安全。为了能够对耕地保护有一个更好的认识,文章从耕地保护的提出、目标、意义、主体、策略等方面来再次的认识耕地保护,耕地保护需要政府、农民以及其他非耕地使用者的共同参与,并提出了进一步建立和完善耕地保护的经济补偿机制,充分调动农民对保护耕地的积极性,明确耕地产权的耕地保护策略。     

地膜玉米产量──因素模式试验研究

试验采用二次正交旋转组合设计方法,通过建立数学模型,分析研究了氮、磷及种植密度对旱作地膜玉米产量的效应,结果表明,氮肥效应>种植密度>磷肥,且交互作用十分显着,对产量的贡献幅度可达2.3%～23.9%;并计算出宁南山区正常降雨条件下,地膜玉米获得>9000kg/hm²产量可采用的栽培技术是:施氮量≥198kg/hm²,P₂O₅量127.5～183kg/hm²,玉米种植密度56500～60600株/hm².