Characterization of Compost Based on Crop Residues: Changes in Some Chemical and Physical Properties of the Soil after Applying the Compost as Organic Amendment

The objectives of the present study were to make a physical, physicochemical, and biological characterization of compost obtained from crop residues of horticultural plants grown in greenhouses and to assess the physical and chemical responses of a soil tested after the applications of this organic amendment. The compost showed a high percentage of inorganic material because the source of this compost includes not only crop residues but also soil; for this reason, it had high coarseness index (CI), electrical conductivity (EC), and pH. The application of the organic amendment to a soil with reduced bulk density (BD) increased the percentage of particles with large diameters, as well as increased the nutritional status and organic matter (OM). However, nitrogen and potassium levels in soil were low. Compost addition provoked an increase in soil EC, which restricts its use to salt-tolerant plants.     

山西设施土壤养分与盐分特征研究

对山西省主要设施农业区土壤盐分和养分现状进行了调查分析,结果表明,土壤可溶性盐、EC值、速效养分均高于大田土壤,土壤pH值出现了降低趋势,有机质含量增幅不大,养分全量盈亏参差。土壤可溶性盐含量已接近次生盐渍化和作物生理障碍临界值,土壤有机质含量较低和土壤养分库中N、P盈余、K亏耗的局面及大量施用化学肥料后引发的土壤属性“载体化”的现象应引起足够的重视。     

SEVERITY OF SALINITY ACCURATELY DETECTED AND CLASSIFIED ON A PADDOCK SCALE WITH HIGH RESOLUTION MULTISPECTRAL SATELLITE IMAGERY

We hypothesised that digital mapping of various forms of salt‐affected soils using high resolution satellite imagery, supported by field studies, would be an efficient method to classify and map salinity, sodicity or both at paddock level, particularly in areas where salt‐affected patches are small and the effort to map these by field‐based soil survey methods alone would be inordinately time consuming. To test this hypothesis, QuickBird satellite data (pan‐sharpened four band multispectral imagery) was used to map various forms of surface‐expressed salinity in an agricultural area of South Australia. Ground‐truthing was performed by collecting 160 soil samples over the study area of 159 km². Unsupervised classification of the imagery covering the study area allowed differentiation of severity levels of salt‐affected soils, but these levels did not match those based on measured electrical conductivity (EC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of the soil samples, primarily because the expression of salinity was strongly influenced by paddock‐level variations in crop type, growth and prior land management. Segmentation of the whole image into 450 paddocks and unsupervised classification using a paddock‐by‐paddock approach resulted in a more accurate discrimination of salinity and sodicity levels that was correlated with EC and SAR. Image‐based classes discriminating severity levels of salt‐affected soils were significantly related with EC but not with SAR. Of the spectral bands, bands 2 (green, 520–600 nm) and 4 (near‐infrared, 760–900 nm) explained the majority of the variation (99 per cent) in the spectral values. Thus, paddock‐by‐paddock classification of QuickBird imagery has the potential to accurately delineate salinity at farm level, which will allow more informed decisions about sustainable agricultural management of soils. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西芹黄萎病防治药剂筛选和毒力测定

本文针对西芹黄萎病病原菌开展室内防治药剂筛选和药剂毒力测定。按照药剂最大推荐剂量从14种供试药剂中初筛出8种有效药剂,以进口多菌灵、菌哥、新世生、瓜果类太宝、太医最佳,对菌丝生长的抑制率达100%。8种药剂对病原菌菌丝生长的EC50依次为进口多菌灵（0.0063 mg/ml）＜太医（0.0073 mg/ml）＜活根菌灭（0.0077 mg/ml）＜枯萎灵（0.0079 mg/ml）＜瓜果类太保（0.0092 mg/ml）＜根腐宁（0.0103 mg/ml）＜新世生(0.0192 mg/ml) ＜菌哥（0.0844mg/ml）,进口多菌灵和活根菌灭对病原菌孢子萌发的EC50分别为1.50×10-4 mg/ml和1.55×10-4 mg/ml。     

Oleuropein-Specific-13-Glucosidase Activity Marks the Early Response of Olive Fruits （Olea europaea） to Mimed Insect Attack

Olive fruits are seriously deteriorated by pre and postharvest damage due to the attack of insects, such as Bactrocera olaea, which strongly alters the quality of olives. Defence response in olive fruits injured both by pathogens and by mechanical damages has been associated with the enzyme β-glucosidase, which specifically hydrolyses oleuropein, producing highly reactive aldehyde molecules. In situ detection of ~-glucosidase activity in olive fruit tissues following injury, which simulates Bactrocera oleae punctures, is reported. The assay was performed in two cultivars showing different degrees of susceptibilities to fly infestation. In both cultivars, the histochemical assay for β-glucosidase showed that within 20 min after the injury, a strong ~-glucosidase activity could be observed in the damaged tissues. Thereafter a progressive enzyme inactivation occurred starting from tissues around the boundary of the injury with decrease of the enzyme activity and stopped after 3 h. Whereas the mass of active cells reached a distance of （300±50） μm from the edge of the injury. Biochemical analyses showed that in extracts of the injured fruit, β-glucosidase activity rapidly increased within 20 min from injury, thereafter decreasing and reaching values comparable with those in intact fruits. Following puncture, the oleuropein contents did not change significantly in the high susceptibility cultivar, whereas it rapidly decreased in the cultivar showing low susceptibility. The results strongly suggest that olive fruits susceptible towards fly infestation could be related to the ability of the oleuropein-degrading-β-glucosidase to produce the highly reactive molecules in the damaged tissues. As a consequence of puncture, high level of peroxidase activity was detected. This feature also suggested that this enzyme could play a key role in the defence response against insect injuries.     

小麦秸秆静态高温堆腐过程中的理化特征

为了解小麦秸秆堆肥过程中的生物化学特征,进行了高温好氧堆肥试验.结果表明,添加复合微生物腐解菌剂处理较不添加复合微生物腐解菌剂(CK)升温快,温度高,高温持续时间长;堆腐第2d添加菌剂处理堆体温度上升到50℃以上,第3 d达到最高温度67.1℃,50℃以上持续6 d;CK堆腐第3 d达到50℃,第4 d达最高温度59.5℃,50℃以上持续5 d.堆腐第9 d添加菌剂处理E4/E6值达高峰值3.419,CK的达高峰值4.085,堆腐第23 d后添加菌剂处理的胡敏酸E4/E6值为1.512～1.709,而CK处理的E4/E6值为1.649～2.060,堆腐过程添加菌剂处理的E4/E6值一直低于CK,表明添加菌剂能促进腐殖质的缩合和芳构化.堆肥腐熟后pH值较堆制前有所提高,添加菌剂处理的pH值相对较低,变化幅度较小.加入微生物菌剂处理的电导率(EC)值较高,且在持续高温阶段高于后熟阶段.     

Relating soil electrical conductivity to remote sensing and other soil properties for assessing soil salinity in northeast Thailand

Mapping and monitoring of soil salinity is required to establish its areal extent and also to keep track of changes in salinity in order to formulate appropriate and timely management strategies for reclamation and rehabilitation of such soils. Remote sensing data have been increasingly used in soil‐salinity studies as they are not only quicker but are also useful for making realistic predictions. A study was conducted in northeast Thailand to understand the relationship of spectral reflectance and physico‐chemical soil properties to electrical conductivity (EC) by using remote sensing data (Landsat® ETM+) and laboratory analysis of soil sample data. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the relationships between EC and spectral/soil properties and to generate several models. In the case of spectral properties, mid‐infrared band (Landsat® band 7) and near‐infrared (band 4) were found to be most correlated with the observed EC values of the surface layer of the soil. For the soil properties, chloride (Cl), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) were found to be most correlated with observed EC values. Similarly, for the subsurface layer, Cl and P were found to be significant predictors of observed EC values. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

25%敌力脱乳油防治小麦纹枯病田间药效试验

研究了用25％敌力脱乳油防治小麦纹枯病的效果,认为1000－1500倍液防治效果较好,显优于20％粉锈宁可湿性粉剂750倍液防效。     

披针叶黄华抗杉木炭疽菌活性物质研究

预试验中发现披针叶黄华地上部分乙醇浸提物具有抗杉木炭疽菌活性 ,进一步用不同溶剂 ,在不同 p H值下萃取得到 4个组分 .生测表明披针叶黄华中生物碱部分对杉木炭疽菌的抑菌活性最强 .其生物碱对杉木炭疽菌分生孢子萌发较对菌丝生长的抑制活性强 ,对杉木炭疽菌的分生孢子和菌丝的 EC50分别为 1 36.0 μg/m L和 1 555.0 μg/m L     

植物油乳油对黄瓜白粉病的防治作用

[目的]探讨植物油乳油对黄瓜白粉病的室内活性和田间防治作用。[方法]以长春密刺黄瓜苗为材料,接种田间自然发生黄瓜白粉病菌,进行室内保护试验和田间试验,观察不同植物油乳油对黄瓜白粉病菌的防治效果。[结果]棉籽油、豆油、花生油、玉米油、芝麻油和葵花油6种植物油乳油稀释至10、5ml/L对黄瓜白粉病具有较好的防治作用;室内的保护效果,植物油乳油与对照药剂三唑酮乳油相当,田间防治效果植物油乳油防效多数都在60%～75%,与对照药剂三唑酮乳油稀释1ml/L的防治效果69%～70%也相当。[结论]试验结果表明,所有植物油乳油对黄瓜白粉病的防治效果都很显著。