文化差异与英汉词汇翻译

各种不同民族之间的文化既有共性又有个性，而文化的民族性特点是导致跨文化交际失败的最重要的原因之一。正是由于这一点，分析、了解不同民族间的文化差异才显得尤为重要。翻译作为跨文化交际的一种有效形式在现实生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色。为了提高译者对英汉两种文化差异的敏感性，从而进一步提高译作的质量，本文试着从词汇的角度来探讨英汉两种语言所负载的不同的文化信息，并提出了相应的翻译方法。     

从语言关联性透视中西传统法律文化的差异

语言与文化紧密联系。文化决定语言的表达方式,语言是文化的载体,是反映文化的一面镜子。法律文化作为文化系统中一个重要组成部分,也必然与语言有着紧密的联系。本文通过语言现象剖析了中西传统法律文化的几点差异。     

阅读策略应用与英语阅读理解的相关分析

借鉴国内外应用语言学研究方法，通过问卷调查，我们对福建农林大学192名非英语专业大学一年级学生的英语阅读策略使用情况进行实证性研究，分析他们的阅读理解成绩与阅读策略使用的关系。研究结果表明：阅读理解成绩好的学生比成绩差的学生更善于选择和使用阅读策略，尤其表现在元认知策略的使用上，存在显著性差异（P=0．003）。因此认为，阅读策略的使用与学生阅读成绩存在显著的正相关关系。     

不同地区黄瓜霜霉病菌毒力的差异

为选择黄瓜抗性品种,对来自全国8个省市18个黄瓜霜霉病菌株的孢子囊长度和宽度进行研究,以期明确定黄瓜霜霉病在各地区间的差异。结果表明:18个黄瓜霜霉病菌株的孢子囊存在差异,来自同一城市的菌株间差异不显著,并从供试的10个黄瓜品种中筛选出7个对不同致病菌株反应型各异,抗病感病界限明显的品种,可初步作为黄瓜霜霉病菌生理小种分化的鉴别寄主,利用所筛选出的鉴别寄主将18个菌株分为12个致病性类型。     

Ozone sensitivity of Phaseolus vulgaris in relation to cultivar differences,growth stage and growing conditions

Exposure of Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Lit to ambient ozone caused a 14% pod yield reduction in 1994. This yield loss was assessed by comparing plants that were protected against ozone by treatment with EDU (ethylenediurea) with unprotected plants, both cultivated in pots with a continuous water supply. The plants had experienced an AOT40 of 8135 ppb.h during their growth. However, plant response to ozone depends on a large number of environmental and plant-specific conditions. Visible injury increased mainly after flowering and was much less severe on soil-grown bean cultivars (Lit, Stella and Groffy) not receiving additional water. Ozone fumigations in closed chambers before or after flowering proved that the growth stage during which the plants are exposed also plays a very important role with regard to injury development. Plants seem to be more susceptible during the generative growth stage and the relative cultivar sensitivity was related to the developmental stage during fumigation. However with regard to yield effects the timing of the ozone exposure seems to be less important.     

不同基因型糯玉米氮素吸收利用效率的研究Ⅰ.氮素吸收利用的基因型差异

为明确糯玉米的氮素吸收利用特性及为因种施肥和氮素高效利用提供依据,开展了同一氮素供应水平下31个糯玉米品种氮素吸收利用的基因型差异研究。结果表明,生产鲜穗、鲜子粒和成熟子粒糯玉米的氮素利用效率品种间变异范围分别为57.829~8.65、39.436~1.31和31.705~3.70 kg/kg。聚类分析指出,无论其收获产品是鲜穗、鲜子粒还是成熟子粒,均属于高产、氮素高效吸收利用的品种有6个,其百公斤鲜穗、鲜子粒及成熟子粒需氮量平均值分别为1.244、1.884和2.091 kg。通径分析表明,提高品种鲜穗和鲜子粒产量,改良吸氮总量起主导作用;提高成熟期子粒产量,改良吸氮总量和氮素利用效率并重。     

Genetic variation in desiccation tolerance of Dendrobaena octaedra cocoons originating from different climatic regions

The aim of this study was to examine genetic variation in desiccation tolerance in cocoons of the parthenogenetically reproducing earthworm Dendrobaena octaedra by comparing populations originating from different geographic regions (Denmark, Norway and Finland), representing large differences in precipitation and temperature. In one experiment, the tolerance of the three populations to increasing desiccation stress in the range from 100 to 91.6% relative humidity (RH) was examined, aiming to represent ecologically relevant RH values. In a second experiment, the effect of cocoon size on desiccation tolerance was investigated at 92.3% RH in the same three populations. There were highly significant differences in desiccation tolerance between populations, indicating a high genetic differentiation of this trait in D. octaedra. Cocoons from Denmark were much more sensitive (71±14% mortality at 91.6% RH) than cocoons from Norway (21±4% mortality) and Finland (4±5% mortality). Cocoons of worms from Finland and Norway were significantly larger than cocoons produced by worms from Denmark suggesting that cocoons from Denmark lost water at a higher rate when subjected to low humidity. Assuming that slow dehydration is necessary for physiologically based protection mechanisms it may be expected that desiccation tolerance is positively correlated with cocoon size. However, within each of the populations cocoon fresh weight did not have any significant impact on desiccation tolerance. When all populations were pooled there was a significant positive effect of cocoon fresh weight on desiccation tolerance, explaining about 20% of the total variation (linear regression). It seems therefore that genetic variation of desiccation tolerance in D. octaedra cocoons is related to variation in both cocoon size and other, physiologically based tolerance mechanisms.     

Improving minimum detectable differences in the assessment of soil organic matter change in short‐term field experiments

The demand for information on cropping system impact on soil organic matter (SOM) calls for efforts to improve the utilization of short‐term field experiments (e.g., to evaluate the parameterization of cropping systems in models). Those approaches have coped with the problem of determining small SOM changes within a large background mass. Thus, objectives of this survey are (1) the improvement of the minimum detectable difference (MDD) in SOM in the hudycrop short‐term field experiment by methods of sampling design and data treatment, (2) the verification to what extend the hudycrop short‐term field experiment allows for the determination of management induced effects on SOM, and (3) the investigation to what extent the obtained results may be suitable to evaluate the parameterization of a SOM balance model. The design of the hudycrop is suitable for excluding outliers plotwise. The estimation of plot means can be improved by the sampling design. Instead of determining a single plot mean in a mixed sampling procedure, the design provides multiple values for each plot, allowing for the identification of extreme values before calculating plot means. In consequence, minimum detectable differences decrease by a factor of 0.53 for soil organic C (SOC) and 0.63 for soil total N (STN) masses, allowing for detection of changes in the magnitude of 3.7 and 2.6% of background SOC and STN levels, respectively. Differences between treatments, however, are significant with corrected values (after outlier exclusion) for the crop production systems with the highest impact (potatoes and mulched red clover). Determining outliers based on Student's t‐test gives the lowest MDD and is therefore considered to be the most suitable method in this case. Correlations between apparent changes and SOM balances according to the HU‐MOD–2 model, used in this survey, indicate that the experimental design, in principal, is suitable for the evaluation of the parameterization of crop production systems in models. Still, an improved precision in SOM change detection is necessary. Reasonable options for that purpose are discussed in the paper.     

河北省征地补偿标准的时空差异及其相关影响因素

为河北省征地补偿标准的修订提供借鉴依据,利用 ArcGIS 对河北省2008年和2011年各县（市）平均征地补偿标准空间分布及时间变化进行研究,并通过 SPSS 进行相关分析找出影响征地补偿标准时空变化的主要影响因子。结果表明：河北省2008年全省平均征地补偿标准为3．59万元／667m2,各县（市）平均征地补偿标准为2～4万元／667m2;2011年全省平均征地补偿标准为4．40万元／667m2,比2008年提高23％,各县（市）平均征地补偿标准为3～5万元／667m2,各县（市）平均补偿标准增长幅度集中在15．00％～30．00％。农村居民人均纯收入、地区生产总值和人口密度是征地补偿标准最重要的影响因素,总人口、常用耕地面积和参加农村医疗保险人数也对征地补偿标准具有重要影响。     

我国粮食劳动生产率地区差异及分解研究——基于回归分解方法的实证

针对我国各粮食主产区间劳动生产率发展不均衡,阻碍粮食产业可持续发展,不利于保持粮食产量稳定增长的问题,利用13个粮食主产区省级面板数据,采用随机前沿生产函数模型测算粮食全要素生产率以及技术效率;在此基础上基于回归的分解方法对我国粮食劳动生产率地区差异进行分解,进一步对影响地区差异的各个因素及作用机制进行分析研究。实证分析结果表明:1)劳动力规模、劳均资本投入以及前沿技术水平对粮食劳动生产率地区差异呈正向影响,即这3种因素加剧了地区间劳动生产率的不平衡;2)技术效率水平、劳均土地、劳均用工以及粮食生产劳动力结构等因素则对地区间的劳动生产率差异有抑制作用,通过提高这些因素的投入水平能有效促进粮食产业的地区间均衡发展。