水稻覆膜灌溉对生态环境的影响研究

通过大田试验,与浅湿灌溉(CK1)和浅水灌溉(CK2)相比较研究了覆膜灌溉对水稻生态环境的影响。结果表明,覆膜灌溉条件下稻田空气相对湿度低于CK1和CK2,气温和地温高于CK1和CK2,其中地温的增温幅度在返青期最大,随着水稻叶面积的增加逐渐减少,在所观测的深度范围内(15cm)随着土层深度的增加而增大。覆膜灌溉较CK1、CK2生育进程加快,生育期提前和缩短。抽穗开花期水稻的抵抗力差,若遇低温高湿情况易感染稻瘟病,由于覆膜区水稻抽穗早避免了低温天气,加上覆膜还可以提高空气温度、降低空气湿度,使覆膜区水稻的受病害程度明显降低。覆膜水稻的生长量大(分蘖数、每穗总粒数和千粒重高),其无效分蘖数也较高,因此,建议覆膜水稻要适当稀植以增加成穗率,同时降低成本。覆膜水稻产量较CK1高2.6%,较CK2高5.7%;经济效益较CK1高1.1%,较CK2高6.2%;灌溉水生产率为1.56kg/m3,比CK1高38%,比CK2高95%。     

黑龙江西部旱作玉米水肥生产潜力试验研究

以氮肥、磷肥、补水量为试验因子,以玉米产量为指标,利用MINITAB15统计分析软件进行试验设计和数据分析,通过响应曲面法建立水肥相互作用对玉米产量影响的二次多项数学模型。利用模型的等值线图对影响玉米产量的关键因子及其相互作用进行了探讨,以玉米产量为响应值优化得出玉米生产潜力田间试验值的条件:氮肥为241.1 kg/hm2,磷肥为173.1 kg/hm2,补水量为108.3 m3/hm2,玉米田区生产潜力试验值为12 224 kg/hm2。     

Soil compaction and forest floor removal reduced microbial biomass and enzyme activities in a boreal aspen forest soil

Soil enzymes are linked to microbial functions and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems and are considered sensitive to soil disturbances. We investigated the effects of severe soil compaction and whole-tree harvesting plus forest floor removal (referred to as FFR below, compared with stem-only harvesting) on available N, microbial biomass C (MBC), microbial biomass N (MBN), and microbial biomass P (MBP), and dehydrogenase, protease, and phosphatase activities in the forest floor and 0–10 cm mineral soil in a boreal aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) forest soil near Dawson Creek, British Columbia, Canada. In the forest floor, no soil compaction effects were observed for any of the soil microbial or enzyme activity parameters measured. In the mineral soil, compaction reduced available N, MBP, and acid phosphatase by 53, 47, and 48%, respectively, when forest floor was intact, and protease and alkaline phosphatase activities by 28 and 27%, respectively, regardless of FFR. Forest floor removal reduced available P, MBC, MBN, and protease and alkaline phosphatase activities by 38, 46, 49, 25, and 45%, respectively, regardless of soil compaction, and available N, MBP, and acid phosphatase activity by 52, 50, and 39%, respectively, in the noncompacted soil. Neither soil compaction nor FFR affected dehydrogenase activities. Reductions in microbial biomass and protease and phosphatase activities after compaction and FFR likely led to the reduced N and P availabilities in the soil. Our results indicate that microbial biomass and enzyme activities were sensitive to soil compaction and FFR and that such disturbances had negative consequences for forest soil N and P cycling and fertility.     

Energy and water balance measurements for water productivity analysis in irrigated mango trees, Northeast Brazil

Crop water parameters, including actual evapotranspiration, transpiration, soil evaporation, crop coefficients, evaporative fractions, aerodynamic resistances, surface resistances and percolation fluxes were estimated in a commercial mango orchard during two growing seasons in Northeast Brazil. The actual evapotranspiration (E_a) was obtained by the eddy covariance (EC) technique, while for the reference evapotranspiration (E₀); the FAO Penman–Monteith equation was applied. The energy balance closure showed a gap of 12%. For water productivity analysis the E_a was then computed with the Bowen ratio determined from the eddy covariance fluxes. The mean accumulated E_a for the two seasons was 1419 mm year⁻¹, which corresponded to a daily average rate of 3.7 mm day⁻¹. The mean values of the crop coefficients based on evapotranspiration (K_c) and based on transpiration (K_cb) were 0.91 and 0.73, respectively. The single layer K_c was fitted with a degree days function. Twenty percent of evapotranspiration originated from direct soil evaporation. The evaporative fraction was 0.83 on average. The average relative water supply was 1.1, revealing that, in general, irrigation water supply was in good harmony with the crop water requirements. The resulting evapotranspiration deficit was 73–95 mm per season only. The mean aerodynamic resistance (r_a) was 37 s m⁻¹ and the bulk surface resistance (r_s) was 135 s m⁻¹. The mean unit yield was 45 tonne ha⁻¹ being equivalent to a crop water productivity of 3.2 kg m⁻³ when based on E_a with an economic counterpart of US$ 3.27 m⁻³. The drawback of this highly productive use of water resources is an unavoidable percolation flux of approximately 300 mm per growing season that is detrimental to the downstream environment and water users.     

基于RS数据和GIS方法估算区域作物节水潜力

利用遥感ET数据开展用水定额管理及节水潜力分析等方面的研究,是对传统农业节水研究的有益补充。该文利用分类均值法构建了基于遥感ET数据的作物水分生产函数,考虑耗水较低兼顾水分生产率较高的原则,提出基于水资源脆弱区作物ET定额估算模型,利用该模型计算获得冬小麦及夏玉米的ET定额分别为346.00、313.00 mm;保持现有土地利用结构不变,以作物ET定额为评价标准,通过对超过该作物ET定额的像元进行调整,获得大兴区夏玉米及冬小麦的节水潜力分别为1 176.75、369.27万m3。该研究为利用遥感ET数据开展区域耗水节水潜力的定量化评价进行了有益的探索。     

六盘山北侧华北落叶松林分的水分利用效率研究

为定量研究华北落叶松人工林水分利用特征,2010年5-10月在宁夏六盘山北侧叠叠沟林场的华北落叶松人工林固定样地内,通过测定树干径向生长、林分叶面积指数变化、草本生物量变化、树干液流速率变化、植物降雨截持等,估计了华北落叶松人工林及各层的生产力、水分消耗和水分利用效率。研究表明：林分总生产力11.76t/hm2,其中乔木层占75.2%,草本层占24.8%;在整个生长期内,林分生产力各月的分量呈现先升高后降低的季节变化格局。林分总蒸散量为433.9mm,其中乔木层与草本层（包括土壤蒸发）耗水各约占一半,分别为总蒸散的50.5%和49.5%;林分蒸散在生长季中呈现先升高后降低的季节变化格局。在整个生长季,华北落叶松人工林的水分利用效率为2.71g/kg,其中乔木层的水分利用效率为4.04g/kg,草本层水分利用效率为1.36g/kg;其季节变化与乔木层的水分利用效率变化相类似,说明乔木层对于华北落叶松林分水分利用效率的影响较大。     

基于遥感和CASA模型的西江流域NPP时空分布特征研究

基于EOS/MODIS遥感资料,采用CASA模型分析西江流域陆地植被净第一性生产力（NPP）的时空变化特征。结果表明:西江流域平均植被NPP为400～500 gC/（m²·a）,上游地区偏低,为200～300 gC/（m²·a）,中下游地区较高,平均500～600 gC/（m²·a）,部分地区可达到800 gC/（m²·a）以上;植被NPP季节变化显著,夏季最高,春、秋季节次之,冬季最低小;西江流域植被NPP的空间差异明显,在5-10月,上游地区植被NPP较低,中下游地区较高;在1-3月,上游地区尤其是南盘江流域的植被NPP较高,中下游地区尤其是中游地区明显较少。西江流域植被NPP的空间特征还表现在汛期空间差异大,枯水期空间差别小。     

大肠杆菌表达系统及其研究进展

从表达量、表达活性、实验步骤的简化和成本控制4个方面综述大肠杆菌表达系统及其最新的研究进展。     

竹阔混交林分毛竹生产力的研究

福建省沙县梨树乡泉水峡村市坑10年生竹阔混交林毛竹生产力的研究结果表明：竹阔混交林具有较高的生产力和显著的经济效益，毛竹的平均胸径、平均竹高、平均竹秆重量蓄积分别比毛竹纯林的提高了9．8％、17．6％和48.7％；产竹材量和产鲜笋量分别比纯毛竹林增加36．3％和35．2％；立竹度、均匀度、整齐度、叶面积指数均比纯毛竹林的高．     

南疆植被总初级生产力对区域降水的响应规律

为研究总初级生产力(Gross primary productivity,GPP)对区域降水的响应规律,本研究通过对南疆地区喀什、阿克苏、和田3个市2000—2014年的GPP进行分析,得出GPP的时空分布规律,进而与2000—2011年同期的降水进行耦合分析,以探寻植被GPP与降水之间的响应关系,从而为南疆地区植被生态保持和可持续发展提供依据。结果表明:1)从时间尺度来看,GPP呈现出与季节相关的波动性,年均GPP的极值点基本出现在每年的7月;2)在空间分布上,和田地区的GPP在空间上呈现北低南高的空间格局,阿克苏地区的GPP呈现北高南低的空间格局,并且在数值上存在较大的差异性,喀什地区的GPP呈现北高南低的空间格局,西北部GPP分布比较集中并有较高的值;3)变化趋势上,和田地区呈现上升趋势、阿克苏地区整体比较稳定、喀什地区呈现上升的趋势;4)研究区域内GPP与降水之间均为正相关关系。当降水滞后1个月时,和田及喀什GPP与降水之间的相关系数显著提高,但是阿克苏地区没有表现出时滞性,说明响应关系更加明显。