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901.
902.
Simon R. Leather 《Integrated Pest Management Reviews》1996,1(3):163-180
The ecological implications of insect resistance in conifers are rarely discussed. It is however a fairly straightforward plant-insect interaction and should be treated as such, making use of the increasing amount of information in this field. Work on tree breeding is usually carried out by silviculturalists who, not surprisingly, rarely consider the insect component of the environment in which the treess are growing. In all fairness, it must be stated that many entomologists, fail to consider the plant component of the interaction. Clonal forestry will almost certainly result in the loss of genetic variability. The use of clonal material has already been cited as a possible source for the diminution of the resistance against pests and diseases and if particular resistance mechanisms against forest pests are sought in the future the reduction in genetic material caused by clonal selection could have serious consequences. The ethics of clonal forestry have been questioned as have the ethics of biotechnological advances in the area of recombinant DNA molecules. The potential of both these techniques should be publicized and brought to the attention of the general public and the scientific community at large and evaluated. To improve our forest environment and to protect the environment as a whole, entomologists, geneticists, physiologists and silviculturalists must work together to produce better trees that require little, if any, chemical aid, be it insecticides, herbicides, fungicides or fertilizers. An increasing awareness of the environmental problems generated by large-scale insecticide applications to forest plantations, coupled with an increasingly chemophobic work-force and the difficulty in obtaining pesticide registration for use in forest environments, means that the forest industry world-wide must look to the use of integrated control measures with more diligence than has been shown in the past. Many recent outbreaks of pests and diseases have been linked with particular seed origins of tree crops. Host plant resistance as part of a suite of other proposed integrated control tools is thus an obvious candidate for development. Despite this, scientists concerned with tree improvement continue to select largely for silvicultural traits rather than for resistance to pests and disease. The different avenues open to plant breeders are examined and the potential of breeding trees resistant to insect attack highlighted. Using resistant trees as part of an integrated pest management system has five very important properties. Firstly, there is no additional pest control cost to the grower, secondly, it operates at all levels of insect incidence and not just when the pest is at high population levels, thirdly, it reduces the insect population cumulatively, fourthly it avoids toxic residues and environmental pollution and, finally, it usually interacts well with the other integrated pest management strategies in existence. 相似文献
903.
904.
宁夏盐池县沙边子试验基地生态效益评价 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
本文简要总结了沙边子试验基地九年来所做的主要工作,同时试用模糊数学方法采用三类评价指标17个评价因子对基地整治前(1982年)和整治后(1990年)的生态效益给予综合对比评价。 相似文献
905.
Pluimers FH de Leeuw PW Smak JA Elbers AR Stegeman JA 《Preventive veterinary medicine》1999,42(3-4):139-155
The central and regional organisation of the campaign to eradicate the CSF epidemic in the Netherlands in 1997/1998 is described. The main instruments used in the campaign were based on stamping-out and movement restrictions specified by the European Union. Additional instruments were used for the first time, namely, pre-emptive culling of contact and neighbouring farms, compartmentalisation of transport, monthly serological screening in established surveillance areas and supervised repopulation of all farms in the former surveillance zone. Two other measures, the killing of very young piglets and a breeding ban were introduced to reduce production in established surveillance zones. Several factors complicated the eradication campaign, for instance, the late detection of the first infection; artificial insemination as a source of infection; the organisation of pig farming in the Netherlands, with its highly concentrated production and dependence on the transport of stock from one unit to another; insufficient rendering capacity; decreasing sensitivity of clinical inspection; and extremely high costs. 相似文献
906.
907.
908.
中国北方草原畜牧业限制因素以及管理策略分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
根据对内蒙古一个有关草地保护和管理项目的调研,分析了影响草原资源可持续利用和草原畜牧业发展的一些限制因素。调研发现,草原地承包及租赁体制、饲草料生产和供给策略、家畜放牧制度等是影响本地区畜牧业生产体系和草原可持续性的主要因素。基于本研究结果,提出了“春季休牧”(或称之为“延迟放牧”)的生产方式。同时,推荐了一些可缓解冬春季节严重饲草料不足的措施。 相似文献
909.
针对江河源区草场退化、高原鼠兔危害严重的状况,采用了翻耕、耙耱、撒播、轻耙、镇压等一系列治理措施.结果表明,这种以生态工程为主的治理措施,不仅使草场植被在短期内得到恢复,而且害鼠种群数量也得到了有效控制;同时,为防止鼠兔数量回升、减少扩散、播种牧草幼苗免遭啃食和挖掘破坏,在不同处理区又采取了以药物防治为辅的控制措施.在现场药效试验和大面积灭鼠中,0.075%敌鼠钠盐、0.1%C型肉毒杀鼠素和0.1%D型肉毒杀鼠素毒饵对鼠兔均具有良好灭效,且不污染环境,无二次中毒,对保护天敌、发挥生物控制危害具有一定意义.因此,在退化草场鼠害治理中,综合分析各组分之间的相互关系,有针对性地进行治理,才能收到良好效果,从而达到综合治理的目的. 相似文献
910.
A study was conducted in two adjacent locations. Nharira (communal) and Lancashire (small-scale commercial) farming areas in Zimbabwe to characterize the breeds and evaluate the reproductive and lactation performance of dairy cattle under smallholder management. The types of cows identified were Friesian, Jersey and Red Dane, and an indigenous Sanga breed called the Mashona and its crossbreds. Both sectors used more exotic and crossbred cows than indigenous cows. The mean monthly weights of the dairy cows were higher in Lancashire than in Nharira and the calving intervals were longer in Nharira than in Lancashire. The mean age at first calving was higher and the mean total lactation yields were greater in Nharira than in Lancashire, but the mean 305-day lactation yields were not significantly different. The mean lactation lengths were longer for the cows from Nharira. It was concluded that the reproductive and lactation performances were low. The calving intervals were extended, probably owing to suboptimal nutrition and heat stress, particularly during the dry season, and to poor management practices, such as delayed mating due to the poor availability of bulls. 相似文献