塔克拉玛干沙漠头状沙拐枣光合器官生长对风蚀的 响应与适应策略分析

风蚀是沙区生态建设工程的重要危害形式。分析不同植物种生长对风蚀的响应和适应策略,确定其耐风蚀阈值,是优良耐风蚀生态建设植物种筛选的重要理论基础。本文以塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地纵向复合沙垄上栽植的头状沙拐枣人工林为研究对象,对不同风蚀深度植株的部分枝条节上和全株光合器官生长状况进行了观测和分析。结果表明,随风蚀强度增加,头状沙拐枣植株光合器官的单节同化枝数量、单节同化枝总长度和单根同化枝平均长度、单根同化枝平均重量、单株光合器官鲜重、单株同化枝表面积呈降低趋势,光合器官生长均与风蚀深度呈线性负相关。当风蚀深度小于40 cm时,头状沙拐枣的单节同化枝数量、单根同化枝长度、单节同化枝总长度降低幅度较小,但当风蚀深度大于40 cm后,单节同化枝数量、单根同化枝长度、单节同化枝总长度都大幅降低,全株光合器官的重量和表面积也大幅下降,而过强的风蚀可使植株死亡。头状沙拐枣光合器官对风蚀的适应方式是数量和形态变化,同化枝数量、长度、直径、表面积降低。对风蚀的适应策略是有限资源重点配置,即植株把能量主要分配在有限的节上,节上保持一定数量的光合器官生长,以维持植株存活。研究结果可为沙区生态建设适宜植物种筛选提供参考。     

积分I_m=∫_0~(π/2)sin~mxdx的应用

本文利用积分Ｉｍ证明了Ｗａｌｉｓ公式及概率积分。     

珍珠龙胆石斑鱼听觉阈值研究

珍珠龙胆石斑鱼(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀×Epinephelus lanceolatus♂)是重要的海水养殖经济鱼类,通过建立稳定的珍珠龙胆石斑鱼听性脑干反应(auditory brainstem response,ABR)检测系统,分别施加100、200、300、500、800、1 000、1 500、2 000、3 000、5 000和10 000 Hz的正弦波声音刺激信号,并应用该系统检测20条体长为32～35 cm的珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的听觉阈值。结果显示:该听性脑干反应检测系统获得的响应为听觉电生理反应,所有珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的听频范围为100～5 000 Hz,其中最适听频范围为100～2 000 Hz,最敏感声音频率为300 Hz,听觉阈值约为75. 8 d B。根据得到的平均听觉阈值,构建了珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的听性脑干反应听力曲线。研究表明:研究获得的珍珠龙胆石斑鱼听觉阈值及曲线对于研究噪声对不同养殖模式下石斑鱼的动物福利具有重要意义,不仅是评估噪声对石斑鱼影响的直接试验数据,也能为养殖环境的优化提供间接参考。     

Evidence for spatial coherence in time trends of marine life history traits of Atlantic salmon in the North Atlantic

A hierarchical Bayesian life cycle model is presented that considers spatial covariation of marine life history traits of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations in the North Atlantic. The model is based on a collective analysis of the dynamics of 13 stock units (SUs) from two continental stock groups (CSGs) in North America and Southern Europe in a single hierarchical model over the period 1971–2014. The model sets up a new assessment framework for Atlantic salmon stocks. It also provides a framework to investigate the drivers of changes in Atlantic salmon population dynamics including disentangling the effects of fisheries from those of environmental factors in a hierarchy of spatial scales. It is used to test the hypothesis of a strong spatial synchrony in marine life history dynamics of Atlantic salmon populations. The trends in two key parameters associated with the early marine phase of the life cycle are estimated: (i) the marine survival during the first summer–autumn spent at sea and (ii) the proportion of fish maturing after the first winter at sea. The results provide evidence of a decline in the marine survival together with an increase in the proportion of fish that mature after the first winter at sea, common to all SUs. Our results show an increased coherence in the covariations of trends in these two marine life history traits related to geographic proximity of SUs which support the hypothesis of a coherent response of geographically proximate Atlantic salmon populations that likely share similar migration routes.     

Electrofishing in streams of low water conductivity but high biodiversity value: Challenges,limits and perspectives

Electrofishing in streams of low water conductivity has technical limitations leading to the widespread use of poison fishing. In theory, provided a high enough voltage gradient can be created in water, electrofishing should be possible in all but the lowest of conductivities (<10 µS/cm). Using custom‐made equipment delivering up to 1,500 V DC, tests were carried out in French Guiana on 27 streams with water conductivity as low as 16 µS/cm. Approximately 5,800 fish of 93 species were captured, with an electrofishing mortality rate of 1.83%. Poison treatments were used within enclosed sections to assess how efficient multiple pass electrofishing removal is when assessing species richness and population number. The Chao II estimator on 2 electrofishing passes gave the best results for species richness, but rare species can elude electrofishing. Estimates of total fish abundance (i.e. all species pooled) were possible with the use of depletion models. Capture efficiencies by species were highly biased, however, and abundance could be underestimated for the most difficult species to catch. These results show that with the right equipment and settings, electrofishing can be an efficient alternative to poison fishing surveys in small tropical streams of low water conductivity but high biodiversity value.     

表面粗糙度对液膜润滑动压型机械密封性能的影响

以激光加工多孔端面机械密封为研究对象,建立符合Gauss概率分布的表面粗糙度模型,利用Fluent软件模拟研究了密封端面不同部位表面粗糙度对密封性能的影响规律,并通过正交试验进一步分析了不同部位粗糙度对密封性能的影响程度.结果表明:液膜开启力和摩擦扭矩随端面粗糙度、转速的增大而增大;泄漏量随端面粗糙度的增大而减小、随转速的增大而增大;3个部位表面粗糙度对开启力增大、摩擦扭矩增大和泄漏量减小的影响程度为动环凹腔区粗糙度影响最大,静环端面粗糙度影响次之,动环非凹腔区粗糙度影响最小.     

温度对短额负蝗生长发育及种群趋势的影响

为明确温度对短额负蝗Atractomorpha sinensis（I.Bolivar）种群生长发育、生殖力及种群趋势的影响。本试 验设置16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃和32℃等5个恒温梯度,在实验室条件下（H:D = 16:8,RH 70%±5%）,以大豆叶片为食 物饲养,系统观测短额负蝗实验种群各虫态发育历期、发育速率及繁殖等情况,测算其发育起点温度和有效积温, 并利用生命表技术分析各温度条件下的种群趋势。结果表明,短额负蝗各虫态的发育历期均随温度的升高而缩 短,其发育速率与温度呈显著正相关。短额负蝗卵、若虫和成虫的发育起点温度分别为9.58℃、10.55℃、11.40℃,有 效积温依次为449.80、540.03、430.94日·度。在试验条件下,短额负蝗单雌产卵量28℃时最高,为66.12粒,24℃时次 之,为 60.30粒,16℃时最低,为 28粒;各试验温度条件下实验种群趋势指数均>1,其中 24℃时最大,为 18.97。该结 果为短额负蝗的田间预测及综合防控提供了科学依据。      

政府干预、市场化进程与农业生产效率

基于2000-2014年中国30个省级面板数据,建立了以市场化进程为门槛变量的面板门槛模型,实证分析了政府干预对农业生产效率增长的非线性影响效应及区域差异。结果表明:政府干预与农业生产效率之间存在显著的以市场化进程为门槛的双重门槛效应;当市场化进程低于第一个门槛值时,政府干预对农业生产效率增长产生显著的促进作用,随着市场化进程跨过第一门槛值时,政府干预对农业生产效率增长显著的促进作用得到较大提升;当市场化进程跨过第二门槛值时,政府干预对农业生产效率增长产生显著的制约作用,政府干预对农业生产效率增长呈现出先促进后阻碍的倒"V"型变动趋势;中国各省份政府干预和市场化进程的耦合度较低,但政府干预和市场化进程耦合度较高的省份倾向于具有较高的农业生产效率。     

城乡居民年人均蔬菜消费量长期趋势分析

将中国城乡居民年人均蔬菜消费量序列转化为不同的状态和状态的转移概率.用Markov链遍历性原理,得到经过长期变化之后年增减率的数学期望.对城乡居民年人均蔬菜消费量趋势进行了分析.