预处理条件对石斛兰叶片原生质体分离的影响

试验研究了不同预处理条件对石斛兰叶片原生质体分离的影响,结果表明：预处理可以提高原生质体的产量,石斛兰叶片原生质体分离最佳预处理方法为：12 h黑暗条件萎蔫处理,0.4mmol/L CaCl2浸泡16 h,0.5 mol/L甘露醇浸泡16 h。     

真空预处理对圣女果渗透脱水的影响

[目的]以圣女果为原料,探讨真空预处理对圣女果渗透脱水的影响,为今后其工业化应用提供理论参考和技术支持.[方法]通过对预处理的圣女果进行真空渗透脱水,研究真空时间、真空度对渗透圣女果的含水量、固形物含量、糖含量、麦芽糊精渗入量的影响.[结果]真空渗透时间20 min、真空度0.06 MPa的真空渗透预处理渗透速度最快,麦芽糊精的渗入量最大.[结论]确定的圣女果真空渗透脱水最佳方案渗透速度快、脱水效果良好,选用该方法进行圣女果的预脱水是可行的.     

气相色谱法检测果蔬农药残留前处理技术研究

通过加标回收的方法,对气相色谱法检测蔬菜和水果中农药残留样品前处理试验方法的准确性进行了评估,并提出了气相色谱法检测蔬菜和水果中农药残留合理的样品前处理方案。     

超声波协同固体酸水解花生壳制备乙酰丙酸的研究

以花生壳为原料,采用超声波预处理协同SO2-4/TiO2 Al2O3固体酸水解制备乙酰丙酸。在单因素试验基础上,以水解温度、水解时间和固体酸用量为因素,乙酰丙酸得率为响应面值,设计了三因素三水平的响应面分析实验,确定了花生壳制备乙酰丙酸的最优工艺参数为：水解温度235℃、水解时间31 min、固体酸用量4.5％和液固比为14∶1（mL/g）,此时乙酰丙酸得率为27.54％。与相同工艺下未采用超声波预处理相比,得率提高了7.18%。     

Pretreatment of Rice Straw by Hydrogen Peroxide for Enhanced Methane Yield

A pretreatment process for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was optimized to enhance the biodegradation performance of rice straw and increase biogas yield. A determination experiment was conducted under predicted optimal conditions. Optimization was implemented using response surface methodology. The effects of biodegradation and the interactive effects of pretreatment time (PT), H2O2 concentration (HC), and substrate to inoculum ratio (S/I) on methane yield were investigated. The lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose of rice straw were significantly degraded with increasing HC. The optimal conditions for the use of pretreated rice straw in anaerobic digestion were a 6.18-d PT, 2.68% HC (w/w total solid), and 1.08 S/I; these conditions result in a methane yield of 288 mL g-1 volatile solids (VS). A determination coefficient of 95.2% was obtained, indicating that the model used to predict the anabolic digestion process has a favorable fit with the experimental parameters. The determination experiment resulted in a methane yield of 290 mL g-1 VS, 88.0% higher than that of untreated rice straw. Thus, H2O2 pretreatment of rice straw can be used to improve methane yields during biogas production.     

改进的QuEChERS-LC/MS/MS法快速检测蔬菜中7种农药残留

研究建立了蔬菜中农药多残留的快速检测QuEChERS-LC/MS/MS方法,优化了实验方案,样品以0.1%乙酸的乙腈(V/V)作为溶剂,Agilent Bond Elut提取试剂盒对样品进行1 min提取后,用C18和Agilent Bond Elut净化试剂盒净化。结果表明:7种农药的平均回收率为72%～127%,相对标准偏差为1.3%～16.3%,检出限为0.004～0.022 mg·kg^-1。该方法减少了溶剂用量,缩短了检测时间,每个样品溶剂用量仅为20 mL,每个样品的前处理费用大约为30元,一个实验人员每日可以处理50～60个蔬菜样品,真正实现农残的快速、简便、廉价、有效、灵敏、安全检测。     

颗粒大小和几种预处理方法对浒苔厌氧发酵产沼气的影响

近年来,由于生态环境变化和人为等因素,我国东部沿海遭受大规模浒苔侵袭的现象时有发生。开展浒苔的沼气发酵研究,一方面可以使这种优质的大型海藻类生物质原料被合理高效地利用,变废为宝;另一方面可以丰富沼气发酵原材料的种类,达到可再生能源开发的目的。该实验研究了不同颗粒大小（粗粒0.30~0.85 mm、中粒0.15~0.30 mm、细粒0.075~0.15 mm）和碱预处理法、热预处理法、酸预处理法对浒苔在高温条件下发酵产沼气的影响。研究表明,当温度为50 ℃、初始pH为7、接种率为10%、料液总固形物（TS）质量分数为8%的条件下厌氧发酵浒苔,粗粒组、中粒组和细粒组的浒苔挥发性固体（VS）产气率分别为386.9 mL/g、434.4 mL/g、436.5 mL/g。其中,中粒组比粗粒组产气总量提高了12.26%,细粒组比中粒组产气总量提高了0.49%。这说明粒度越小越有利于提高浒苔沼气发酵的利用率;在相同发酵条件下（同上试验）,碱、热、酸预处理组分别比未预处理组产气总量提高13.14%、11.39%和3.63%。其中,碱预处理组的VS产气率最高,为493.3 mL/g,发酵过程中pH也较为稳定。因此,碱预处理法在提高浒苔厌氧发酵的沼气产量方面效果最佳。该研究的成果可为厌氧发酵浒苔生产沼气的工艺研究及生产提供参考。     

A comparative evaluation of the Mississippi soil test method for determining available manganese,magnesium, and calcium

Abstract

Soil Samples (72) were collected from the Delta, Hill, and Northeast Blackland areas of Mississippi. Chemical analyses for manganese, magnesium, and calcium were made using the Mississippi Soil Test Solution (MSTS) and several other extracting solutions chosen for comparison. For the determination of available soil manganese, the MSTS proved to be as effective as either the Double Acid (0.025 N HCl in 0.05 N H₂SO₄) or 0.1 N H₃PO₄. The acid extractants removed more manganese than 1 N NH₄OAc (pH 7.0) and therefore included forms that are not exchangeable. The methods studied for magnesium determinations were equilibrium extraction with 1 N NH₄OAc, MSTS, Double Acid, 0.25 N CaCl₂, and leaching with 1 N NH₄OAc. All methods were highly correlated and therefore would be equally effective in determining available soil magnesium. Since MSTS and equilibrium extraction with 1 N NH₄OAc removed similar amounts of magnesium from the soil, the same calibration can be used. Calcium determinations were made using equilibrium extraction with 1 N NH₄OAc, MSTS, and Double Acid, and by leaching with 1 N NH₄OAc. All methods proved effective in measuring available soil calcium on acid soils.     

两步法预处理制备生物质燃料乙醇

为了扩展燃料乙醇制备的预处理工艺的发展方向,该文针对燃料乙醇制备的2种新预处理方法——半纤维素分离两步预处理法和木质素分离两步预处理法进行了试验研究。分别以能源植物柳枝稷和农业废弃物玉米秸秆为原料,考查了这2种方法对酶水解过程中糖产量的影响。结果表明,半纤维素分离两步预处理法对柳枝稷的较优处理条件为:第一步预处理用3%质量分数的过氧化氢溶液在50℃处理16h,第二步预处理用去离子水在121℃处理30min,最终酶水解可获得89%的纤维素转化率;木质素分离两步预处理法对玉米秸秆的较优处理条件为:第一步预处理用碱性乙醇溶液(1%质量分数氢氧化钠和70%质量分数乙醇)在80℃处理2h,第二步预处理为去离子水在135℃处理30min,最终酶水解可获得83%的纤维素转化率;扫描电镜观察,柳枝稷和玉米秸秆的纤维束均被破坏,纤维素酶的作用面积得到提高。同时,分离提取了部分半纤维素和木质素,可以回收提纯,应用于高附加值化学产品的制备。这一结果表明,这2种方法为实现燃料乙醇制备工程工业化提供依据。     

Ca(OH)2 预处理对水稻秸秆沼气产量的影响（英）

生物质材料经碱预处理后的发酵效率和甲烷产气量明显增加。为了提高预处理技术的经济效益及简化其工艺流程,利用自行设计的可控性恒温发酵装置,以秸秆为发酵原料,研究发酵沼液以及Ca(OH)2预处理对于水稻秸秆厌氧发酵产气量的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,沼液和Ca(OH)2预处理后的水稻秸秆木质素、半纤维素和纤维素含量显著降低,产气量明显提高。其中,Ca(OH)2预处理的产气量高于沼液预处理,8%浓度的Ca(OH)2下的秸秆产气量最高,为14374mL,比对照增加100.91%。该研究认为采用Ca(OH)2预处理水稻秸秆不仅简洁方便,成本低廉,而且具有较高的沼气产量,因此,可作为提高户用沼气产气效率的方法。