NaOH预处理对青稞秸秆厌氧发酵特性的影响

为提高青稞秸秆的综合利用率,采用NaOH对青稞秸秆进行预处理,研究不同水平NaOH和预处理时间对青稞秸秆厌氧发酵性能的影响,探讨NaOH在青稞秸秆厌氧发酵中应用的可行性。结果表明,与未经处理的青稞秸秆相比,NaOH预处理可以显著提高青稞秸秆产甲烷性能（P<0.05）,且产气速率快、发酵周期短。其中,5% NaOH处理12 h青稞秸秆的累积甲烷产量高于多数木质纤维素类废弃物,为250.03 mL·g^-1,是优良的发酵原料。NaOH预处理增加了青稞秸秆中纤维素含量（13.37%~39.31%）,并有效降解了木质素（12.89%~64.34%）和半纤维素（0.96%~30.30%）含量。表明NaOH预处理是提高青稞秸秆厌氧发酵产甲烷性能的有效方法。     

酸碱预处理辣椒秸秆与羊粪混合厌氧发酵特性

为实现辣椒秸秆等农业废弃物的资源化利用,通过批式厌氧发酵试验,分别研究了经不同体积分数(2%、4%、6%、8%)的H₂SO₄和不同质量分数(2%、4%、6%、8%)的Ca(OH)₂预处理的辣椒秸秆与羊粪混合厌氧发酵的产甲烷特性。结果表明,随着预处理中Ca(OH)₂质量分数的升高,辣椒秸秆与羊粪混合厌氧发酵的甲烷产率升高,经8%Ca(OH)₂预处理的甲烷产率最高(188.56 mL·g^-1),显著(P<0.05)高于其他处理,较对照提高了61.26%。但随着预处理中H₂SO₄体积分数的升高,辣椒秸秆与羊粪混合厌氧发酵的甲烷产率降低,且显著(P<0.05)低于对照。利用修正的冈珀茨(Gompertz)模型能较好地拟合各处理的产甲烷过程,其中,经Ca(OH)₂预处理的最大甲烷产率(V_m)值较大,说明Ca(OH)₂预处理辣椒秸秆能有效提高其与羊粪混合发酵的水解速率。酸、碱预处理均对辣椒秸秆木质纤维素有一定的降解作用,其中,Ca(OH)₂预处理的降解效果更好。     

基于固相萃取的粮油产品前处理技术研究进展

粮油是人类生存的必需品,提供了人体不可缺少的三大基本营养素。粮油质量安全是国家重视、消费者关心的热点问题,检测是保证粮油产品消费安全的重要抓手。固相萃取是从粮油样品中提取待测物的重要手段,萃取材料是决定提取分离效率的关键因素。本文主要综述了基于固相萃取的粮油产品前处理技术研究进展,讨论了不同材料的优势及不足,并对粮油产品检测中新型萃取材料发展趋势进行了展望。     

毛竹竹片化学染色的工艺参数研究

为了丰富竹片的颜色,提高竹产品的应用价值,采用染料染色的方法对竹片进行染色,探讨了前处理方式、染料种类、染色温度、染色时间、染液质量分数和助剂等对竹片染色效果的影响。结果表明,漂白、酸性大红、易渗剂10 mL等均较有利于竹片上染率的提高;染色温度对竹片上染率的影响极显著,随着温度的升高,上染率增加;随着染色时间的延长,竹片上染率呈逐步上升趋势;竹片上染率随着染液质量分数的增加呈现先升后降的趋势,质量分数约为0.7%时有最大上染率。较为优化的染色工艺:水浴温度控制在90℃左右,将经漂白的竹片置于质量分数为0.7%的酸性大红染液中水浴加热72 h,其间加入易渗剂10 mL。     

等离子体活化水在种子播前处理中的研究进展

种子播前处理具有打破种子休眠、降低病虫害和促进作物生长的作用,是农业生产的重要环节。等离子体活化水(PAW)种子处理作为一种新兴的物理种子处理技术,因绿色环保、操作简单和批量均匀处理等优点而受到广泛关注。PAW富含各类活性粒子,具有优异的生物活性,能够促进种子萌发、减少种子表面病菌,应用前景广阔。本文在阐述了等离子体种子处理技术原理的基础上,综述了液相等离子体放电机理、PAW生产系统及存储方式,并探讨了PAW在促萌发和表面消毒的机理,总结了 PAW 在农业生产中的优势和局限,旨在为PAW种子处理的应用和推广提供参考。     

管道防腐补口现场表面预处理用磨料

环形焊口处覆盖层的性能与表面处理质量的优劣有直接关系。钢表面经过适当处理,可使覆盖层的机械性能和抗电化学腐蚀性能大大提高,并可延长管道的使用寿命。介绍了国内几种常用喷砂磨料的特性及适用范围,指出在施工中必须对喷砂磨料及其粒度加以选择,原则是使用最少的磨料清理最多的口数,并且一次除锈作业的持续时间要尽量长。对几种不同粒度石英砂的清理效果进行了现场试验。试验结果表明,使用粒径0.5 mm的石英砂能大幅度提高除锈生产率,且大大降低磨料的消耗量,适用于管道焊接现场防腐补口表面的预处理作业。     

Laboratory vs. in situ resin‐core methods to estimate net nitrogen mineralization for comparison of rotation and tillage practices

Properly estimating soil nitrogen (N) mineralization as a consequence of different agronomic practices would result in better soil N fertility management. In this study, we tested the differences between laboratory and in situ resin‐core incubation methods for estimating soil net N mineralization for long‐term burley tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum L .) tillage and rotation systems. The laboratory incubation method used crushed, homogenized, litter‐free soil samples, and the in situ resin‐core incubation method used an intact soil core with the inclusion of any plant residue below or above ground. Comparisons showed that no‐tillage had significantly increased soil net N mineralization compared to conventional tillage with the laboratory incubation method, while there was no significant difference between tillage methods with the in situ resin‐core method. This indicates that soil pretreatment in the laboratory incubation method can create an “artificial tillage effect” for soil previously managed with no‐tillage, resulting in overestimated soil net N mineralization. The rotation comparison showed that different crop sequences had no impact on measured net N mineralization with the laboratory incubation method. However, a preceding soybean crop did significantly increase net soil N mineralization compared to preceding corn when measured with the in situ resin‐core method. This suggests that discarding plant residue in the laboratory incubation method can neglect the potential effect of plant residue on soil N mineralization. Therefore, it is important to be aware that soil pretreatment may influence soil N mineralization estimates, potentially resulting in flawed decisions for soil N fertility management.     

预处理对稻草秸秆纤维素酶解产糖及纤维素木质素含量的影响

采用酸处理、碱处理和机械粉碎3种方法对稻草秸秆进行预处理。探讨3种预处理方法对稻草秸秆酶解产糖以及纤维素、木质素含量的影响。结果表明,3种预处理都可以较为有效地提高稻草秸秆的酶解产糖率。经酸处理、碱处理和机械粉碎处理后,稻草秸秆的最高酶解产糖率分别为9.25%,33.16%和10.64%,分别约为对照的3.4倍、12.0倍和4.0倍。酸处理和碱处理可以去除部分杂质,达到纯化稻草秸秆的目的,提高纤维素酶的作用底物——纤维素的比例,从而提高酶解产糖率;而机械粉碎则主要是通过提高酶反应的接触面积来达到提高酶解产糖率的作用。     

Plant Regeneration from in vitro Cultured Anthers of Black Mustard (Brassica nigra Koch)

Anthers of Brassica nigra, excised from fresh as well as cold-pretreated (3 days at 3 ± 2°C) buds cultivated on modified B₅ medium (Gamborg et al. 1968) containing sucrose level varying from 2 % to 10 %, along with 1O^?6M BAP (benzylaminopurine) and 9 × 10^?6M 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), developed calli and/or embryos. The latter response was observed only in anthers reared on media containing 6 % or higher levels of sucrose. On media containing two or four per cent sucrose, the anthers produced calli, exclusively. The growth of embryos was inhibited or else they started callusing if left on the media containing higher levels of sucrose. However, on transfer to MS medium (Murashige and Skoog 1962), containing 2 % sucrose, embryos started callusing and subsequently a few secondary embryos differentiated. Such embryos were sub-cultured on MS + 5 × 10^?6M BAP + 2 % sucrose, wherein numerous shoots developed from embryos. The shoots were rooted by transferring to a medium containing 5 × 10^?6M NAA (naphthalene acetic acid). Within two months of culture, some of these plants started flowering in vitro.     

温,湿度条件及不同种子处理对棉籽吸胀冷害的影响

棉籽在4－5℃条件下吸水，发生吸胀冷害的程度随吸水速度的加快而减轻，随吸水时间的延长而加重；在10-12℃、18－20℃的水中吸水分别超过16小时、12小时，会因吸水时间过长使部分棉籽的种子活力降低，而使正常发芽率降低。经温汤浸种和预冷处理的棉籽能耐72小时0－5℃的低温，且耐较长时间低温的能力强于干籽与晾干籽；干籽、晾干籽能耐24小时0－2℃的低温，且干籽耐短时间低温的能力强于湿籽。