Identification of novel juvenile-hormone signaling activators via high-throughput screening with a chemical library

Juvenile hormone (JH) is an insect-specific hormone that regulates molting and metamorphosis. Hence, JH signaling inhibitors (JHSIs) and activators (JHSAs) can be used as effective insect growth regulators (IGRs) for pest management. In our previous study, we established a high-throughput screening (HTS) system for exploration of novel JHSIs and JHSAs using a Bombyx mori cell line (BmN_JF&AR cells) and succeeded in identifying novel JHSIs from a chemical library. Here, we searched for novel JHSAs using this system. The four-step HTS yielded 10 compounds as candidate JHSAs; some of these compounds showed novel basic structures, whereas the others were composed of a 4-phenoxyphenoxymethyl skeleton, the basic structure of several existing JH analogs (pyriproxyfen and fenoxycarb). Topical application of seven compounds to B. mori larvae significantly prolonged the larval period, suggesting that the identified JHSAs may be promising IGRs targeting the JH signaling pathway.     

紫花苜蓿不同品种对卡那霉素敏感性分析

组织培养条件下卡那霉素(Kan)对不同紫花苜蓿品种(秘鲁、富平、甘农3号)愈伤组织诱导及芽分化的影响进行了研究,实验结果表明:不同的外植体对卡那霉素的敏感性差异较大,不同品种间也存在差异。子叶对卡那霉素的敏感性高于下胚轴,当卡那霉素的浓度为20mg/L时,子叶的愈伤率极低。子叶愈伤阶段卡那霉素的有效工作浓度为15~18mg/L,分化阶段为40mg/L。下胚轴对卡那霉素的敏感性因品种不同:秘鲁苜蓿愈伤阶段的选择压为60mg/L,分化阶段以50mg/L为宜。富平苜蓿和甘农3号苜蓿愈伤阶段的选择压力分别为80mg/L9、0mg/L,分化阶段选择压降低到60mg/L。另外,如果在愈伤阶段加入选择压,后期分化中应适当降低压力或除去压力,以利于体细胞胚的产生和发育。     

Notes on the role of water potential in the pathogenesis of fire blight,caused by Erwinia amylovora

The rate of multiplication of fire blight causing bacteriumErwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al. depends on the availability of water. Water availability can be quantified by means of the parameter water potential. The relationship between water potential and relative multiplication rate ofE. amylovora was derived from experiments of L. Shaw (1935). This relationship appears to be applicable toE. amylovora in plant tissues and in nectar of flowers.Multiplication and expansion ofE. amylovora in a restricted space, e.g. an intercellular hole, creates a pressure, which may cause schizogenic cavities in soft tissue. Strong tissue, however, may be able to resist this multiplication pressure of the bacteria, so that symptom progression can be prevented. A hypothesis is formulated on how the multiplication pressure may be quantified by means of the parameter water potential. Expansion of bacterial ooze may alo be due to absorbtion of water without increase of dry weight (e.g. a daily cycle of shrinkage and expansion). This expansion may give rise to a swelling pressure, which again may be quantified by means of the parameter water potential.Samenvatting De vermenigvuldigingssnelheid van de bacterie die bacterievuur veroorzaakt (Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al.,), hangt af van de beschikbaarheid van water. De beschikbaarheid van water kan worden gekwantificeerd met de parameter waterpotentiaal. De relatie tussen waterpotentiaal en relatieve vermenigvuldigingssnelheid vanE. amylovora werd afgeleid uit experimenten van L. Shaw (1935, Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, Ithaca. Memoir 181). Deze relatie kan zowel worden toegepast op de pathogenese in planteweefsel als op de epifytische ontwikkeling in nektar.Vermenigvuldiging vanE. amylovora in een beperkte ruimte, bijvoorbeeld in een intercellulaire holte, creëert een druk, die tot scheuren van zacht weefsel kan leiden. Sterk weefsel kan de vermenigvuldigingsdruk van de bacteriën vermoedelijk wel weerstaan, zodat uitbreiding wordt verhinderd. In een hypothese wordt beschreven hoe de vermenigvuldigingsdruk zou kunnen worden gekwantificeerd met behulp van de parameter waterpotentiaal. Wateropname door bacterieslijm zonder toename van het drooggewicht (bijvoorbeeld een dagelijkse gang van krimpen en zwellen) kan ook leiden tot een druk. Deze druk kan eveneens worden berekend met de parameter waterpotentiaal.     

Comparison of invasive and oscillometric blood pressure measurement techniques in anesthetized sheep,goats, and cattle

ObjectiveTo determine the level of agreement between an oscillometric (O-NIBP) and an invasive method (IBP) of monitoring arterial blood pressure (ABP) in anesthetized sheep, goats, and cattle.Study designProspective clinical study.AnimalsTwenty sheep and goats, 20 cattle weighing <150 kg body weight, and 20 cattle weighing >150 kg body weight.MethodsAnimals were anesthetized and systolic ABP (SABP), mean ABP (MABP), and diastolic ABP (DABP) were measured using IBP and O-NIBP. Differences between IBP and O-NIBP, and 95% limits of agreement (LOA) between SABP, MABP, and DABP values were assessed by the Bland–Altman method.ResultsMean difference ± standard deviation (range) between SABP, DABP, and MABP measurements in sheep and goats was 0 ± 16 (-57 to 38) mmHg, 13 ± 16 (-37 to 70) mmHg, and 8 ± 13 (-34 to 54) mmHg, respectively. Mean difference between SABP, DABP, and MABP measurements in small cattle was 0 ± 19 (-37 to 37) mmHg, 6 ± 18 (-77 to 48) mmHg, and 4 ± 16 (-73 to 48) mmHg, respectively. Mean difference between SABP, DABP, and MABP measurements in large cattle was -18 ± 32 (-107 to 71) mmHg, 7 ± 29 (-112 to 63) mmHg, and -5 ± 28 (-110 to 60) mmHg, respectively. The 95% LOAs for SABP, DABP, and MABP were -31 to +31, -19 to +44, and -19 to +34 mmHg, respectively in sheep and goats; were -37 to +37, -19 to +44, and -19 to +34 mmHg, respectively in small cattle; and were -81 to +45, -50 to +63, and -59 to +50 mmHg, respectively in large cattle.ConclusionsAgreement was poor between O-NIBP and IBP monitoring techniques.Clinical relevanceArterial BP should be monitored in anesthetized sheep, goats, and cattle using IBP.     

生长调节剂对麻疯树成花及营养物质的影响

运用正交实验设计,用不同水平的6-苄氨基嘌呤（6-BA）+赤霉素（GA₃）+肥种处理麻疯树茎尖,研究外源物质对麻疯树花芽分化及树体内营养物质的影响。结果表明:各处理对麻疯树成花数量有显著影响,6-BA（2 mg/L）+GA₃（50 mg/L）+肥种（氮）为最优促花组合,正交实验设计中以6-BA（0.5 mg/L）+GA₃（50 mg/L）+肥种（氮）的促花效果较好;GA₃是影响麻疯树成花的主要因子。处理促进营养生长和生殖生长,二者交错进行。处理株叶片内氮、可溶性糖、淀粉、C/N比、钾的含量和变化趋势均呈增加-降低-再增加的S型模式。磷的含量在早期达到最大,之后便持续下降。叶片内钾在最高含量是最低含量的4.8倍,变幅最大,磷和钾呈极显著正相关。枝条生长与叶片内可溶性糖含量显著负相关。     

Direct somatic embryogenesis in Epipactis veratrifolia,a temperate terrestrial orchid

Most temperate terrestrial orchids are endangered species. Attempts to produce plantlets from plants of the genus Epipactis by asexual methods have totally failed. This study was conducted using somatic embryogenesis as a rapid vegetative propagation technique for conservation of E. veratrifolia. For these purposes, effects of different types of plant growth regulators (PGRs), different types of explants, light and dark conditions, and the effect of gibberellic acid (GA₃) and Paclobutrazol (PBZ) were investigated on somatic embryogenesis induction. Abscisic acid (ABA) pre-treatment effectiveness on inducting somatic embryogenesis and increasing the number of embryos per explant were investigated. Subsequently, 16 media were tested to find the best medium for plant regeneration and shoot and root proliferation. BA (3 mg L^?1) resulted in a better response than the other PGRs by supporting the development of 17 embryos per protocorm. PBZ, which resulted in 11 embryos per explant, was better than GA₃. FAST medium supplemented with organic substances was recognized as the best medium for plant regeneration and shoot and root proliferation. ABA pre-treatment had positive effect on somatic embryogenesis initiation. This study, for the first time, succeeded in finding a rapid and suitable protocol for propagation and genetic resource conservation of E. veratrifolia.     

行内疏枝和生长延缓剂对紫花苜蓿种子产量与发芽率的影响

针对紫花苜蓿种子生产中因播种量高、密度大、造成种子产量低的问题。2001～2002年,在甘肃酒泉进行行内疏枝与生长延缓剂(多效唑(PP333)和烯效唑(S3307))对种子产量影响的两个试验,并测定种子标准发芽率。结果表明,与未疏枝相比,秋季行内疏枝后,生殖枝密度和荚果的败育种子数降低23.8%和55.6%,生殖枝结荚花序数提高28.1%,种子产量由563.8提高到763.3kg/hm²,增产35.4%(P<0.05);秋季行内疏枝,翌年分枝期叶面喷施多效唑和烯效唑可以有效抑制植株生长,其中以烯效唑有效成分含量0.15和0.20kg/hm²的效果较为明显,收获期株高较对照分别降低19.4%和17.8%,而每个结荚花序的荚果数提高16.5%和25.3%(P<0.05)。与对照(640.4kg/hm²)相比,喷施多效唑和烯效唑后,种子呈增产趋势,其中多效唑(有效成分含量1.0kg/hm²)幅度最大,增产39.1%;烯效唑0.15和0.20kg/hm²处理,种子硬实率较对照分别降低7%和6%;烯效唑有效成分含量0.10kg/hm²处理,硬实率较对照提高7%(P<0.05);对于植株密度过大的种子田,行内疏枝是提高产量的关键,否则只用生长延缓剂控制株高,提高种子产量的幅度不大。     

基于FLUENT的歧管式催化器流场仿真分析

通过数值模拟和试验验证,分析岐管式催化器内部气流的速度场、压力场和气流分布状态。结果表明,随入口流量的增大,岐管式催化器内部气流流速增大、压力损失增大、径向分布的均匀性降低;气流的径向分布不同于常规催化器集中于轴线的轴对称形式,而是呈多中心分散状态,均匀性较常规催化器提高。