基于不同终点测定土壤中Zn的毒性阈值及其田间验证

利用Log-logistic剂量-效应函数模型,在实验室条件下分别利用大麦根伸长、西红柿及小白菜生长毒性及基质诱导硝化毒性测试方法,测定了16种不同性质土壤中Zn的毒性阈值,在此基础上建立了基于土壤性质主控因子的Zn的毒性预测模型,同时选取湖南祁阳酸性土和浙江嘉兴中性土验证了田间条件下土壤中Zn毒性阈值.结果表明:田间条件下,湖南祁阳土壤中Zn对玉米不同生长指标的EC10范围为37～51 mg· kg-1,EC50为127～312 mg·kg-1,不同测试指标的敏感性顺序为苗期叶面积＞秸秆生物量＞苗期株高＞籽粒产量;浙江嘉兴水稻土中Zn的毒性阈值EC10为213～332 mg·kg-1,EC50为682～922 mg·kg-1,不同测定指标间的敏感性顺序为孕穗期叶绿素含量＞秸秆生物量＞苗期株高＞籽粒产量.土壤中Zn的毒性阈值田间验证结果表明,实验室条件下基于不同评价终点测定的土壤中Zn的毒性阈值与田间条件下的吻合性在不同土壤间存在一定差异,相比而言,实验室条件下对偏中性的浙江嘉兴水稻土中Zn的毒性阈值测定结果与田间验证结果更接近;基于实验室条件下不同测试指标所测定的土壤中Zn毒性阈值与土壤主控因子间的预测模型能较好预测浙江嘉兴水稻土中Zn的毒性阈值,田间条件下所测定的ECx(x=10,50)值均在模型预测值的两倍的预测区间内;而对于偏酸性的湖南祁阳土壤,预测模型则低估了土壤中Zn的生态风险.     

农业院校食品微生物学实验教学的探索与实践

为提高学生的微生物基本操作技能,提升学生对食品微生物学的学习兴趣,对农业院校食品微生物学实验教学内容和目标设计进行了探索和实践。通过设置基础实验技术、应用实验技术和安全实验技术3类实验,采用"固定+机动"教学模式,全天开放实验室计划,优化教学团队,引入研究生助理,完善考核体系,促进教学质量的提高。实践表明,课程改革提高了学生的实验操作技能和科研兴趣。     

共附生海洋微生物抗菌活性物质的研究

随着抗生素的广泛使用,微生物的抗药性逐渐增强.与此同时,环境污染的加剧,社会和人文的变迁,使人类的免疫力不断下降,新的致病菌和条件致病菌不断出现,这些已经成为严重的社会问题.解决问题的最有效办法就是加大力度,筛选开发新的抗生素.海洋拥有独特的生境条件,已成为新抗生素的重要来源.海洋微生物中共附生微生物具有独特的特点,已逐渐成为研究的焦点.     

基于V2X的混合动力汽车分层能量管理及优化

为了解决混合动力汽车的实时能量管理及优化问题,在保证不过多简化被控对象的基础上得到最优解,该文提出一种基于V2X（vehicle to vehicle,车车通信,以及vehicle to infrastructure,车与交通设施通信）的分层控制方法。设计了一种分层控制器,上层控制器基于交通信号灯正时（signal phase and timing,SPAT）得到目标车速的初始值,并采用多岛遗传算法和非线性模型预测得到最优目标车速。下层控制器根据上层控制器的最优目标车速,采用自适应等效燃油消耗最小原理（adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy,A-ECMS）,得到发动机和电机的最优输出功率。该文对分层控制方法进行了硬件在环仿真,仿真结果表明,该文提出的分层控制方法可以很好地实现混合动力汽车的实时能量管理,有效地避免混合动力汽车红灯停车,实现良好的车速跟随并减少百公里油耗。该研究可为解决混动力汽车实时能量管理及优化提供参考。     

食源性致病菌单细胞观测与预测的研究进展

微生物在单细胞水平下的生长普遍具有随机性和变异性,同时低菌量污染食品所造成的危害风险亦不可忽视,因此食源性致病菌单细胞的生长观测及预测研究逐渐成为食品预测微生物学及食源性致病菌风险评估的研究热点。在分析现有相关文献的基础上,将目前主要的食源性致病菌单细胞生长观测研究分为间接推断和直接观测两类方法;同时对食源性致病菌单细胞生长预测的模型参数与建模过程进行概述,比较了传统预测微生物的决定模型与微生物单细胞的随机模型二者之间的区别,强调了单细胞生长模型需在随机建模的基础上开展,并通过个体建模方法进一步联系其与所在食品环境之间的关系。最后,分析了食源性致病菌单细胞生长观测与预测的现状,并展望了其未来与食品安全风险评估相结合的发展趋势。     

Autochthonous probiotic as growth promoter and immunomodulator for Astyanax bimaculatus cultured in water recirculation system

This work aimed to evaluate the probiotic Lactobacillus spp. in the microbiota of Astyanax bimaculatus reared in a water recirculation system. The experiment was randomized, using 800 postlarvae distributed into eight polyethylene containers, separated into two treatments, in quadruplicate: supplementation with Lactobacillus spp. (Probiotic) and no supplementation (Control). After 90 days of culture, 13 fish per container were anaesthetized. Three of these underwent microbiological evaluation, and haematological analyses were carried out on five. Immunological assessment was performed on another five fish. Zootechnical parameters were evaluated for all animals. In the microbiological evaluation, the probiotic group presented higher counts of lactic acid bacteria, but lower counts of Vibrio spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Staphylococcus spp., when compared with control. After haematological analysis, the supplemented group presented low haematimetric indices of Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCHC and MCH, respectively) and higher amounts of total leucocytes, thrombocytes and circulating monocytes when compared with control. The immunological profile did not differ between treatments. In the zootechnical performance, probiotic group presented higher productivity, survival and apparent food efficiency when compared with control. Therefore, when Lactobacillus spp. was supplemented in the diet of A. bimaculatus, immunocompetence and the zootechnical performance of animals increased.     

基于CFD非稳态模型的温室温度预测控制

以Venlo温室内温度场为研究对象,提出了一种基于计算流体动力学(CFD)非稳态模拟模型的预测控制方法。CFD模型作为虚拟温室环境,将其非稳态模拟产生的时间序列数据代替真实的物理试验数据,结合系统辨识理论将CFD模型转换成基于数据的系统控制模型,实现基于CFD的温室温度预测控制。仿真结果表明,基于CFD的预测控制实现温室温度控制的平均偏差为2.65℃,标准偏差为3.27℃,可将室内温度平稳有效地控制在作物生长允许的温度范围内。系统辨识、控制算法和CFD技术的结合,提高了控制器设计的效率,丰富了温室控制系统的设计方法。     

提高食品微生物学实验课教学质量的探索

从采用灵活多变的教学手段、自行设计实验内容、强化实验操作技能和养成实验操作习惯等方面,提出如何提高食品微生物学实验课的教学质量,培养学生动手能力、独立思考解决问题的能力、创新能力。     

Severe soft tissue infections in dogs: 47 cases (1996–2006)

Objective– To describe the patient population, microbiological findings, treatment and outcome in dogs with severe soft tissue infections (SSTIs) and to compare survivors to nonsurvivors. Design– Retrospective study. Animals– Forty‐seven dogs with confirmed soft tissue infections originating from the SC tissues, muscle or fascia. Interventions– None. Measurements and Main Results– Physical and clinicopathologic data on presentation, microbiological and histopathological findings, antimicrobial treatment and outcome. Dogs with SSTIs were predominantly large breed dogs with a median body weight of 35.6 kg. Incidence of pre‐existing conditions (immunomodulating diseases, blunt trauma, injections, clean surgical procedures) that could have contributed to development of SSTIs was 34%. Abnormal physical examination and diagnostic parameters on presentation included increased body temperature (median temperature 39.5 °C [103.1 °F]) and low arterial blood pressure (median systolic blood pressure 103.5 mm Hg). While Streptococcus species were the most commonly isolated bacteria, the incidence of polymicrobial infections differed between antemortem (38.7%) and postmortem (57.1%) cultures. The overall survival rate was 46.8%. Survivors had a higher body weight and higher respiratory rate on presentation than nonsurvivors. Nonsurvivors had a significantly lower WBC count and higher lactate, BUN, aspartate aminotransferase, and bilirubin concentrations. Histopathologic examination of tissue specimens showed that the degree of necrosis was higher in survivors compared with nonsurvivors. Conclusions– SSTIs in dogs are serious conditions associated with high mortality, significant inflammatory changes, and cardiovascular compromise. A number of conditions, including those that compromise skin integrity and immunomodulating diseases have been identified in our patient population and could have contributed to development of SSTIs. Polymicrobial infections occurred in many cases, necessitating broad‐spectrum antimicrobial coverage.