兽医微生物学研究型教学模式探讨

在兽医微生物学教学过程中,传统讲授式的教学忽视了对学生自主学习能力和创新能力的培养。为了克服传统教学的弊端,有必要开展研究型教学研究。该文对兽医微生物学课程研究型教学模式进行探讨,以期促进研究型教学模式在兽医微生物学课程中的推广。     

The relation between biomass yield and linear measures of growth in Sesbania sesban in western Kenya

Various linear measurements were made on 115 provenances of Sesbania sesban var. nubica to establish their relationships with woody and leafy biomass yields of the trees after a year's undisturbed growth. Data were subjected to simple and multiple linear regression analyses. There were significant (P < 0.001) correlations in most cases but particularly so with leafy and total biomass where over 50% of the variations were accounted for by their regression on stem diameter at knee height (DKH). When data for dependent variables were logarithmically transformed, better regression coefficients (over 60%) were obtained for stem diameter at breast height (DBH) and DKH.     

A hydrothermal seedling emergence model for Conyza bonariensis

Conyza bonariensis is a South American native annual Asteraceae that has been introduced to the Mediterranean, where it behaves as a ruderal plant and a weed that is difficult to control in several crops. The development of predictive models can contribute to control measures at early growth stages, but currently there are no studies to predict seedling emergence of Conyza species. Our objectives were to develop and evaluate a model for predicting emergence response of C. bonariensis to the soil hydrothermal environment. A hydrothermal seed germination model was fitted to time course germination data from germination tests carried out at different constant temperatures and water potentials with the aim of establishing the hydrothermal parameters characterising C. bonariensis seed germination. The relationship between cumulative seedling emergence and cumulative hydrothermal time under field conditions was analysed using the Gompertz function. Model development was based on 2 years' data from a field experiment. Base temperature and base water potential for seed germination were estimated at 10.6°C and ?0.70 ± 0.151 MPa, respectively. The emergence model showed a very good fit to the experimental data. According to this model, seedling emergence starts at 15 accumulated hydrothermal time (HTT) after sowing, and 50 and 95% emergence is completed at 53 HTT and 105 HTT, respectively. For model evaluation, independent field experiments were carried out in two localities. Cumulative seedling emergence was accurately predicted by the model. Results indicate that this model can be useful as a predictive tool contributing to effective control of C. bonariensis populations.     

A quantitative analysis of temperature-dependent dormancy changes in Polygonum aviculare seeds

Mathematical models that predict emergence of weed seedbanks could be useful tools for determining the most suitable time for weed seedling control and, consequently, should result in a higher efficacy of applied control methods. To achieve this goal in dormant weed species, functional relationships should be established between environmental factors regulating dormancy and dormancy changes of seed populations. In the present work, we used a simple model and an optimisation procedure to quantify the effect of temperature on Polygonum aviculare seed dormancy release and induction, based on germination data. Dormancy release rate was inversely related to temperature, showing a decreasing logistic trend that results in no dormancy release for seeds exposed to 20 and 25°C. In contrast, dormancy induction rates in absolute values were positively associated with temperature, showing a logistic trend in which dormancy induction was almost zero at low temperatures and maximal at 25°C. Derived model parameters were used to simulate dormancy changes of P. aviculare seeds stored under controlled and field conditions. These results suggest that similar model structures could be used to quantify temperature effects on seed dormancy status of other weed species and to develop predictive models of weed emergence.     

Diversity of cultivable endophytic bacteria associated with halophytes in Xinjiang of China and their plant beneficial traits

Endophytic bacteria from halophytes have a wide range of application prospects in various fields, such as plant growth-promoting, biocontrol activity and stress resistance. The current study aimed to identify cultivable endophytic bacteria associated with halophytes grown in the salt-affected soil in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China and to evaluate their plant beneficial traits and enzyme-producing activity. Endophytic bacteria were isolated from Reaumuria soongorica (PalL Maxim.), Artemisia carvifolia (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb. Hort. Beng.), Peganum harmala L. and Suaeda dendroides (C. A. Mey. Moq.) by using the cultural-dependent method. Then we classified these bacteria based on the difference between their sequences of 16S rRNA (16S ribosomal RNA) gene. Results showed that the isolated bacteria from R. soongorica belonged to the genera Brucella, Bacillus and Variovorax. The bacteria from A. carvifolia belonged to the genera Micromonospora and Brucella. The bacteria from P. harmala belonged to the genera Paramesorhizobium, Bacillus and Peribacillus. The bacteria from S. dendroides belonged to the genus Bacillus. Notably, the genus Bacillus was detected in the three above plants, indicating that Bacillus is a common taxon of endophytic bacteria in halophytes. And, our results found that about 37.50% of the tested strains showed strong protease-producing activity, 6.25% of the tested strains showed strong cellulase-producing activity and 12.50% of the tested strains showed moderate lipase-producing activity. Besides, all isolated strains were positive for IAA (3-Indoleacetic acid) production, 31.25% of isolated strains exhibited a moderate phosphate solubilization activity and 50.00% of isolated strains exhibited a weak siderophore production activity. Our findings suggest that halophytes are valuable resources for identifying microbes with the ability to increase host plant growth and health in salt-affected soils.     

Besnoitia cysts in the adrenal gland of a cow

Summary

An unusual finding of Besnoitia besnoiti was discovered during histopathological examination of the adrenal gland of a cow brought to slaughter.     

基于模型预测算法的智能车辆横向控制研究

针对智能车辆的横向控制问题,采用3自由度车辆模型,设计了一种基于模型预测算法的车辆横向控制策略。将非线性的3自由度车辆模型进行线性化和离散化,得到线性离散的车辆模型。以前轮转角为控制量,横摆角偏差和横向位移偏差为输出量推导出车辆预测模型,并且建立目标函数和约束条件。最后通过驾驶员在环仿真实验验证,所提出的控制策略能有效实现智能车辆的横向控制。     

畦灌配施保水剂改善杨树林下土壤物理性状提高微生物活性

为指导杨树人工林节水灌溉和增产,通过大田试验,比较研究常规畦灌(720 m3/hm2)、常规畦灌量60%、常规畦灌量30%、60%常规畦灌量配施保水剂和30%常规畦灌量配施保水剂等处理对杨树林下土壤容重、微生物量碳和氮、微生物活性及生长的影响。结果表明:同常规畦灌相比,60%常规畦灌量配施保水剂处理明显降低了土壤容重,且显著增加了土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度,其土壤容重分别较常规畦灌、常规畦灌量60%、常规畦灌量30%和30%常规畦灌量配施保水剂处理下降6.62%、11.19%、16.45%和7.97%;显著提高了土壤微生物量碳、氮含量,并明显增强了土壤微生物呼吸作用,其微生物呼吸速率较常规畦灌、常规畦灌量60%、常规畦灌量30%和30%常规畦灌量配施保水剂处理分别高出13.89%、24.24%、41.38%和12.33%;同时,60%常规畦灌量配施保水剂处理还降低了代谢熵,与其他4种处理相比其下降幅度分别为5.96%、8.84%、11.72%和4.78%。此外,该处理的材积生长率达到最大值,并显著大于其他处理(P0.05)。与60%常规畦灌量配施保水剂相比,30%常规畦灌量配施保水剂处理对林下土壤及材积的作用效果较小。相关分析表明,材积生长率与毛管孔隙度、代谢熵有极显著相关关系(P0.01),与土壤容重、微生物量碳和氮、微生物呼吸有显著相关关系(P0.05)。综合分析认为,适宜的节水灌溉措施(常规畦灌量60%与保水剂组合)有利于改善杨树林下土壤的物理环境,增强微生物活性,并促进杨树林木的生长。     

样本量对MaxEnt模型预测物种分布精度和稳定性的影响

以实际调查的4个物种的34个不同样本量(5,6,8,10,15,20,25,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,100,120,150,180,200,220,250,300,350,400,450,500,550,600,650,700,800,900,1 000,1 200)为例,模拟计算分析不同的样本量对MaxEnt物种分布模型的精度和稳定性的影响.结果表明:总体上来看,样本量的大小对MaxEnt模型预测物种空间分布的精度影响不大,在样本量较小时,精度不稳定,随着样本量的增大(训练数据在样本量50左右,检验数据在样本量120左右),MaxEnt模型的预测精度越来越稳定.